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Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 (CCL11) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as eotaxin. CCL11 selectively recruits eosinophils by inducing their chemotaxis, and therefore, is implicated in allergic responses. The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to a G-protein-linked receptor known as a chemokine receptor. Chemokine receptors for which CCL11 is a ligand include CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5. The gene for human CCL11 (scya11) is encoded on three exons and is located on chromosome 17.

Charged multivesicular body protein 3 (VPS24/CHMP3) is a member of the vacuolar sorting protein family and function as chromatin modifying proteins. VPS24 links directly with CHMP2 and CHMP4 for the disassembly of ESCRT-III complex in an ATP-dependent manner. During HIV-1 infection, the virus uses the ESCRT-III complex to mediate budding and exocytosis of viral proteins. VPS24 overexpression strongly hinders HIV-1 release.

TNFSF15 is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is abundantly expressed in endothelial cells, but is not expressed in either B or T cells. The expression of TNFSF15 is inducible by TNF and IL-1 alpha. This cytokine is a ligand for receptor TNFRSF25 and decoy receptor TNFRSF21/DR6. It can activate NF-kappaB and MAP kinases, and acts as an autocrine factor to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. TNFSF15 is also found to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, and thus may function as an angiogenesis inhibitor. An additional isoform encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript variant has been reported but the sequence of this transcript has not been determined.

BAG1 binds to BCL2 and is also called BCL2-associated athanogene. BAG1 increases the anti-apoptotic effects of BCL2 and is characterizes as a link between growth factor receptors and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. BAG1 inhibits the chaperone activity of HSP70/HSC70 by promoting substrate release. BAG1 inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of PPP1R15A, and has anti-apoptotic activity. BAG1 enhances the anti-cell death function of BCL2 induced by various stimuli.

CDC42 (Cell division cycle 42 isoform 1) is a small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily that regulates signaling pathways which control various cellular functions including cell morphology, migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression. CDC42 is a plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. In the active state, CDC42 binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. CDC42 is involved in epithelial cell polarization processes. CDC42 causes the formation of thin, actin-rich surface projections called filopodia. Also, CDC42 regulates actin polymerization through its direct binding to N-WASP (Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein), which subsequently activates Arp2/3 complex.
Loss of CDC42 function raises endocytotic uptake of apical proteins, as well as apical polarity factors such as Crumbs. The product of oncogene Dbl was described to specifically catalyze the dissociation of GDP from CDC42 protein.

T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains or TIGIT, is an immune receptor located on part of T cells and Natural Killer Cells(NK). TIGIT is also known as Vstm3 and WUCAM. The receptor can bind with high affinity to dendritic cells(DCs), CD155(PVR) on macrophages, etc., and it can bind with lower affinity to CD112(PVRL2). TIGIT can inhibit the cytotoxicity of Natural Killer Cells through its ITIM domain via antibodies against the interaction with PVR and the activity is directed. It has been show on research that TIGIT-Fc fusion molecule can have interaction with PVR on dendritic cells and elevate its IL-10 secretion level or lower the secretion on IL-12 under the stimulation of LPS, moreover, it can inhibit the activation of T cell in vivo.

AMTN is a member of the amelotin family. AMTN is a lately discovered secreted enamel protein. AMTN mainly expressed during the maturation stage of enamel formation. AMTN gathers in a basal lamina-like structure at the interface between ameloblasts and enamel mineral and it co-localizes with one more lately described enamel protein, odontogenic ameloblast- related protein (ODAM(.

Keratin 8 and 18 (K8/18) are the major components of intermediate filament (IF) proteins of simple or single-layered epithelia.

MRPS25, a 28S subunit protein, is a member of the ribosomal protein S5P family. An equivalent pseudogene is located on chromosome 4.

Amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) is a member of the groucho/TLE family of proteins. AES can function as a homooligomer or as a heteroologimer with other family members in order to forcefully repress the expression of other family member genes. Furthermore, AES can repress NFkB-regulated gene expression and is believed to have a significant role in initiating and maintaining cell differentiation events. AES is similar in sequence to the amino terminus of Drosophila enhancer of split groucho, a protein which is involved in neurogenesis during embryonic development. The AES protein is expressed predominately in the fetal brain, liver, lung, heart and kidney and also in the adult muscle.

NAP1L1 is a member of the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family. NAP1L1 protein plays a part in DNA replication, modulating chromatin formation and regulation of cell proliferation.

SRGN is identified as a hematopoietic cell granule proteoglycan. Proteoglycans stored in the secretory granules of various hematopoietic cells also hold a protease-resistant peptide core, and is vital for neutralizing hydrolytic enzymes. SRGN is related to the macromolecular complex of granzymes and perforin that acts as a intermediary of granule-mediated apoptosis.

GRPEL1 is a vital component of the PAM complex, a complex necessary for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. GRPEL1 protein controls the nucleotide-dependent binding of mitochondrial HSP70 to substrate proteins.

LSM2 is a member of the snRNP Sm proteins family. Sm-like proteins are branded in several organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family. Sm-like proteins hold the Sm sequence motif that is made up of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length which folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are believed to create a steady heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are vital for pre-mRNA splicing. LSM2 binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA nad takes part in pre-mRNA splicing.

Follistatin is a single-chain gonadal protein that specifically inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone release. The single FST gene encodes two isoforms, FST317 and FST344 containing 317 and 344 amino acids respectively, resulting from alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA. In a study in which 37 candidate genes were tested for linkage and association with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperandrogenemia in 150 families, evidence was found for linkage between PCOS and follistatin. Follistatin binds directly to activin and functions as an activin antagonist. specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (fsh).

SKP is a 17kDa trimeric periplasmic chaperone that supports outer membrane proteins in their folding and insertion into membranes. SKP protein is necessary for the normal release of ompA from the inner membrane, the maintenance of its solubility in the periplasm, and, in association with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), for the efficient folding and insertion of ompA into the outer membrane.

BIRC7 is a part of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family and contains a single copy of a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) as well as a RING-type zinc finger domain. The BIR domain is necessary for inhibitory activity & cooperates with caspases, while the RING finger domain sometimes increases anti-apoptotic activity but doesn’t inhibit apoptosis by itself. 2 transcript variants encoding diverse isoforms have been found for this gene. The 2 isoforms have dissimilar antiapoptotic characteristics, with isoform a protecting cells from apoptosis induced by staurosporine and isoform b defending cells from apoptosis induced by etoposide.
BIRC7 has direct contact with several caspases together with caspase-3, caspase-7, & caspase –9. BIRC7 inhibits the activation of caspase-9 induced by Apaf-1, cytochrome c, and dATP.

Serine/threonine/tyrosine-interacting protein (STYX) is a member of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. STYX contains a Gly residue instead of a conserved Cys residue in the dsPTPase catalytic loop which makes it catalytically inactive as a phosphatase. On the other hand, the binding pocket is adequately preserved to bind phosphorylated substrates, and may protect them from phosphatases. STYX may have a role in spermiogenesis. STYX is a possible pseudophosphatase.

BNIP1 belongs to the of the BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kd-interacting protein (BNIP) family. BNIP1 interacts with the E1B 19 kDa protein, which defends cells from virally-induced cell death. In addition, BNIP1 interacts with E1B 19 kDa-like sequences of BCL2 which is an additional apoptotic protector. Adding up, BNIP1 is implicated in vesicle transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. Alternative splicing results of BNIP1 in four protein products with identical N- and C-termini have been found.

40S ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18) is a member of the ribosomal protein S13P family.RPS18 is located in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes, the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit.Jointly these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. RPS18 encodes a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 40S subunit. RPS18 is a recognized binding partner of Cofilin and has been proposed to be a novel substrate for CaMKII. Among the diseases associated with RPS18 are bowen-conradi syndrome, and pasteurellosis.

RAB11A is part of the small GTPase superfamily, Rab family. RAB11A is related with both constitutive and regulated secretory pathways, and takes part in protein transport. RAB11A is a well-known marker for protein trafficking, sorting, and recycling in the endosomal pathway. RAB11A is a main regulator of membrane delivery during cytokinesis.

The signal sequence receptor (SSR) is a glycosylated endoplasmic reticulum membrane receptor related with protein translocation across the ER membrane. The SSR consists of 2 subunits, a 34-kD glycoprotein (alpha-SSR or SSR1) and a 22-kD glycoprotein (beta-SSR or SSR2). The human beta-signal sequence receptor gene (SSR2) maps to chromosome bands 1q21-q23. Diseases correlated with SSR2 include calcaneonavicular coalition, and osteosarcoma, and among its related super-pathways are Viral mRNA Translation and Generic Transcription Pathway.

Survivin is part of the of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family, which encodes negative regulatory proteins that prevent apoptotic cell death. Members of the IAP family include multiple baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domains, but Survivin has only a single BIR domain.
Survivin is an inhibitor of caspase activation therefore leading to negative regulation of apoptosis. BIRC5 is expressed in Merkel cell carcinoma.
BIRC5 polymorphism causes survivin expression, thus contributing to the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. BIRC5 expression in large cell lung cancer is substantially higher than in normal tissue cells. Survivin mRNA is up-regulated in tumors. Apoptotic response of infected intestinal epithelial cells is suppressed by C. parvum via upregulation of BIRC5, favoring parasite infection. Up-regulation of of Survivin is associated with breast carcinomas.
BIRC5 increases the activity of an oncolytic adenovirus in the presence of low-dose radiotherapy. ER- breast cancer cells become dependent on Notch-survivin signaling for their maintenance, in vivo. Survivin mRNA positive cases are related with bladder tumour recurrence elevated expression of survivin might play an important role of development in nasal polyps.