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Chlamydia is a common term for infection with any bacterium belonging to the phylum Chlamydiae. This term derives from the name of the bacterial genus Chlamydiain the family Chlamydiaceae, order Chlamydiales, class and phylum Chlamydiae. There are two genera in Chlamydiaceae: Chlamydia and Chlamydophila. The genus Chlamydia includes three species: C. trachomatis, C. muridarum, and C. suis.

GSK3B is a serine-threonine kinase that belongs to the glycogen synthase kinase subfamily. GSK3B is involved in energy metabolism, neuronal cell development, and body pattern formation. Polymorphisms in the GSK3B gene have been implicated in modifying risk of Parkinson disease, and studies in mice show that overexpression of the GSK3B gene may be significant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA bacterium also be referred to as multiply-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ORSA, evolved the ability to survive treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin, methicillin, and cephalosporins. Common strains of MRSA are EMRSA15 and EMRSA16.EMRSA16 is best described epidemiologically & found to be identical to the ST36:USA200 strain. Under the new international typing system, ST36:USA200 strain is now called MRSA252. It is not entirely certain why this strain has become so successful, whereas previous strains have failed to persist. One explanation is the characteristic pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Both the EMRSA15 and EMRSA16 strains are resistant to erythromycinand ciprofloxacin. It is known that Staphylococcus aureus can survive intracellularly, and these are precisely the antibiotics that best penetrate intracellularly; it may be that these strains of S. aureus are therefore able to exploit an intracellular niche. Most cases of CA-MRSA are caused by a CC8 strain designated ST8:USA300, which carries mec type IV, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, PSM-alpha and enterotoxins Q and K,and ST8:USA400. Other community-associated strains of MRSA are ST8:USA500 and ST59:USA1000.

Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS) is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase which catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to postaglandin D2 (PGD2). PTGDS is may have vital roles in both maturation and maintenance of the central nervous system and male reproductive system. PTGDS is the most abundant protein in the cerebral spinal fluid and recent evidence suggests that PTGDS acts as a beta-amyloid chaperone and may play a role in the deposition of Ab plaques in Alzheimer’s disease.

Albumin is synthesized in the liver as preproalbumin which has an N-terminal peptide that is removed before the nascent protein is released from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The product, proalbumin, is in turn cleaved in the Golgi vesicles to produce the secreted albumin. Albumin is a soluble, monomeric protein which comprises about one-half of the blood serum protein. Albumin functions primarily as a carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones and plays a role in stabilizing extracellular fluid volume. Mutations in this gene on chromosome 4 result in various anomalous proteins. Albumin is a globular unglycosylated serum protein of molecular weight 65,000. The human albumin gene is 16,961 nucleotides long from the putative 'cap' site to the first poly (A) addition site. It is split into 15 exons which are symmetrically placed within the 3 domains that are thought to have arisen by triplication of a single primordial domain.
HSA is widely used to stabilize blood volume generally from donors but the fear of contamination such as HIV & Hepatitis has enticed great interest in the recombinant form which is identical to the natural blood.

CCL-20 is a chemotactic factor that draws lymphocytes & neutrophils, rathar than monocytes. MIP-3 alpha inhibits proliferation of myeloid progenitors in colony formation assays. MIP3A plays a role in the formation and function of the mucosal lymphoid tissues by attracting lymphocytes and dendritic cells towards epithelial cells. C-terminal processed forms have been shown to be equally chemotactically active for leukocytes. CCL-20 holdes antibacterial activity e.coli atcc 25922 and s.aureus atcc 29213. CCL-20 gene transcription is activated by H. pylori, which activates NF-kappaB through intracellular signal pathway which involves IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase. MIP-3 alpha is invloved in chemokine-mediated lymphocyte trafficking during gastric inflammation in Helicobacter infection. CCL-20 expression is involved in the recruitment of CD45R0-positive T cell subsets into the intestinal lamina propria. MIP-3A is in charge of the advancement of pulpal inflammation through the recruitment of C-C motif Receptor 6-expressing lymphocytes Vaginal epithelial cells respond to factors present in semen by secreting MIP-3 alpha, which increases langerhans cells recruitment during HIV transmission.

Eotaxin-2, also called MPIF2 & Ckb6, is a novel CC chemokine produced by activated monocytes and T lymphocytes. Eotaxin-2 selectively chemoattracts cells expressing CCR3 including eosinophils, basophils, Th2 T cells, mast cells, and certain subsets of dendritic cells. Furthermore, Eotaxin-2 inhibits the proliferation of multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells. The mature protein, which includes C-terminal truncation, contains 78 amino acids (92 amino acids for the mouse homolog, without C-terminal truncation).
CCL24 functions as a chemotactic chemokine for resting t-lymphocytes, and eosinophils. CCL24 has lower chemotactic activity for neutrophils but none for monocytes and activated lymphocytes. CCL24 is a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line and binds to CCR3.

Proteasome Subunit Beta Type 8 (PSMB8) is a member of the peptidase T1B family. The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with well-organized ring-shaped 20S core structure. Proteasomes are spread through eukaryotic cells at a high concentration. PSMB8 is mainly expressed in immature dendritic cells. vital function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides.PSMB8 is positioned in the class II region of the MHC (main histocompatibility complex). PSMB8 plays as a significant factor of INFG-induced sensitivity and in apoptosis by degradation of the apoptotic inhibitor MCL1.

A human infecting coronavirus (viral pneumonia) called 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV was found in the fish market at the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China on December 2019.

The 2019-nCoV shares an 87% identity to the 2 bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome 2018 SARS-CoV-2 located in Zhoushan of eastern China. 2019-nCoV has an analogous receptor-BD-structure to that of 2018 SARS-CoV, even though there is a.a. diversity so thus the 2019-nCoV might bind to ACE2 receptor protein (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) in humans.

While bats are possibly the host of 2019-nCoV, researchers suspect that animal from the ocean sold at the seafood market was an intermediate host. RSCU analysis proposes that the 2019-nCoV is a recombinant within the viral spike glycoprotein between the bat coronavirus and an unknown coronavirus.

MAP1LC3B is a member of the MAP1 LC3 family. MAP1LC3B is a subunit of neuronal microtubule-associated MAP1A and MAP1B proteins, that are involved in microtubule assembly and important for neurogenesis. In addition, MAP1LC3B takes part in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles and is expressed mainly in heart, testis, brain and skeletal muscle.

Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. it increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. it accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.

Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 (PGAM2) is a member of the phosphoglycerate mutase family. PGAM is a dimeric enzyme which contains in separate tissues, different proportions of a slow-migrating muscle (MM) isozyme, a fast-migrating brain (BB) isozyme, and a hybrid form (MB). PGAM (Phosphoglycerate mutase) catalyzes the reversible reaction of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) to 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA) in the glycolytic pathway. PGAM2 gene mutations cause muscle phosphoglycerate mutase efficiency, otherwise known as glycogen storage disease X.

Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is a membrane-associated siaglycoprotein enzyme normally present at high concentration in syncytiotrophoblasts within the placenta during the third trimester of gestation. The expression of PLAP was originally thought to be restricted to term placenta but a human PLAP-like variant has been described which shares more than 85% homology with PLAP itself. PLAP is expressed only in normal term placenta, endocervix and fallopian tube and also in ovarian and proximal gastrointestinal tumors. It is also commonly expressed in germ cell tumors and more recently described in seminomas.

ACADS is a tetrameric mitochondrial flavoprotein, which is part of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. ACADS catalyzes the first step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Mutations in ACADS have been associated with Short Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency.

MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) can break down a wide range of substrates including types I, II, III, VII, VIII, and X collagens as well as L-Selectin, pro-TNF, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5, casein, gelatin, myelin basic protein, pro-MMP2 and pro-MMP9. A significant function of MMP-1 is the degradation of fibrillar collagens in extracellular matrix remodeling. MMP-1 is expressed in fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, monocytes and macrophages. MMP1 can be divided into a number of distinct domains: a prodomain which is cleaved on activation, a catalytic domain containing the zinc binding site and a short hinge region with a carboxyl terminal domain. MMP1 is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localize to chromosome 11q22.3.

BIRC7 is a part of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family and contains a single copy of a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) as well as a RING-type zinc finger domain. The BIR domain is necessary for inhibitory activity & cooperates with caspases, while the RING finger domain sometimes increases anti-apoptotic activity but doesn’t inhibit apoptosis by itself. 2 transcript variants encoding diverse isoforms have been found for this gene. The 2 isoforms have dissimilar antiapoptotic characteristics, with isoform a protecting cells from apoptosis induced by staurosporine and isoform b defending cells from apoptosis induced by etoposide.
BIRC7 has direct contact with several caspases together with caspase-3, caspase-7, & caspase –9. BIRC7 inhibits the activation of caspase-9 induced by Apaf-1, cytochrome c, and dATP.

IMPDH1 is a rate limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides and consequently participates in the regulation of cell growth. IMPDH1 takes part in the development of malignancy and the growth progression of some tumors. IMPDH1 performs as a homotetramer to regulate cell growth. IMPDH1 catalyzes the synthesis of xanthine monophosphate (XMP) from inosine-5''-monophosphate (IMP). Defects in this gene are a cause of retinitis pigmentosa type 10 (RP10).

Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is a member of a multigene family whose genes share 65% identity at the amino acid level, and is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the pancreas. PON2 overexpression has been shown to lower the intracellular oxidative state and reduce the cells ability to oxidize LDL. PON2 is therefore implicated in the modulation of oxidative stress.

Procalcitonin is a peptide hormone mainly produced by the C cells of the thyroid and certain endocrine cells of the lung. Under normal expression conditions, procalcitonin is immediately cleaved into three specific fragments, an N terminal residue, calcitonin and katacalcin. Levels of unprocessed procalcitonin rise significantly after bacterial infection, trauma or shock.

Galectins are a family of soluble b-galactoside-binding animal lectins that modulate cell-to-cell adhesion and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Galectins also take part in tumor progression, pre-mRNA splicing and apoptosis. Galectin-related protein (LGALSL) is a 172 amino acid protein which holds one galectin domain. In spite of this, LGALSL does not appear to bind carbohydrates or lactose since the critical residues required for binding are not conserved.

M2 autoantigen is a key mark of antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA), a typical serological feature in patients suffering from primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) which is a serious autoimmune liver disease accompanied by damage to intrahepatic bile ducts. Molecular definition of the M2 antigen has displayed it as no less than 3 separate target proteins. The M2 role is like the so-called E2 subunits (or dihydrolipoamide transferases) of different mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes:
*pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
*branched chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complex.
*2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
Biochemically, these complexes catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of various alpha-keto-acid substrates and systematically engage with a prosthetic lipoamide group; they are situated in the mitochondrial matrix in association with the inner membrane. The most well-known reactivity of AMA positive PBC sera is against PDC-E2. Some patients have AMA which reacts with PDC-E2 alone (95%), but most patients also show reactivity against OGDC-E2 (39-88%) and/or BCOADC-E2 (53-55%). Actually, patients can be found with reactivity only against OGDC-E2 and/or BCOADC-E2 and no PDC-E2 autoantibodies. These patients will be overlooked in assays based on natural source-derived, predominantly PDC-E2-containing M2 antigen preparations.

GSTO1 belongs to the theta class glutathione S-transferase-like (GSTTL) protein family. GSTO1 is expressed in a broad array of human tissues and exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities as well as catalyzing the reduction of monomethylarsonate which is an intermediate in the pathway of arsenic biotransformation. Furthermore, GSTO1 shields from oxidative stress which is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia and stroke. GSTO1 is abundant in alveolar macrophages and airway secretions, with the levels reduced in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. In mouse, the GSTO1 protein acts as a small stress response protein, probably involved in cellular redox homeostasis.

COMT catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to catechol substrates such as the neurotransmitters. This O-methylation results in one of the main degradative pathways of the catecholamine transmitters. COMT COMT is located in the postsynaptic neuron and is involved in the metabolism of catechol estrogen drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, asthma, Parkinson disease and the inactivation of catecholamine neurotransmitters though enzymatic degradation. COMT appears in tissues in 2 forms, a soluble form and a membrane-bound form which differ in their N-termini. COMT inhibitors increase its availability and are used in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease.

OXSM, a beta-ketoacyl synthetase, is essential for elongation of fatty acid chains in the mitochondria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants were found.