Search results

CFLAR contains two death effector domains (DEDs) and a caspase-like domain. CFLAR may play a critical role between cell survival and cell death pathway in mammalian cells. CFLAR also interacts with adapter protein FADD and caspase-8 and -10, and potently inhibits apoptosis induced by all known death receptors DR3 (death receptor 3), TRAIL-R (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor) and TNFR1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1).

Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (Th), is a rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Th utilizes tetrahydrobiopterin as well as molecular oxygen to convert tyrosine to DOPA. Th regulates dopamine (DA) neurotransmission at the biosynthesis and reuptake steps. Th takes a vital part in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. Furthermore, Th effects overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation as well as function of T helper cells.

Non-Metastatic Cells 4 or NME4, is a nucleoside diphosphate kinase located in the mitochondria, and is part of the NDK family of proteins. NME4 ais a very common enzyme that enhances transfer of gamma-phosphates, through a phosphohistidine as a intermediate, between dioxynucleoside tri- and diphosphates. NME4 is originated from the nm23 gene. NME4 has a crucial part in the creation of nucleoside triphosphates that are not ATP.

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors are a family of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases that include the type I receptors BMPR1A and BMPR1B and the type II receptor BMPR2. These receptors are also closely related to the activin receptors, ACVR1 and ACVR2. The ligands of these receptors are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. TGF-betas and activins transduce their signals through the formation of heteromeric complexes with 2 different types of serine (threonine) kinase receptors: type I receptors of about 50-55 kD and type II receptors of about 70-80 kD. Type II receptors bind ligands in the absence of type I receptors, but they require their respective type I receptors for signaling, whereas type I receptors require their respective type II receptors for ligand binding.

ACOT11 is a protein with acyl-CoA thioesterase activity towards medium (C12) and long-chain (C18) fatty acyl-CoA substrates. Expression of a similar murine protein in brown adipose tissue is induced by cold exposure and repressed by warmth. Expression of the mouse ACOT11 has been linked to obesity, with higher expression found in obesity-resistant mice compared with obesity-prone mice.

Ankyrin Repeat Domain 54 (ANKRD54), which is also known as LIAR contains 4 ANK repeats. ANKRD54 plays a vital role in regulating intracellular signaling events related with erythroid terminal differentiation. ANKRD54 interacts with LYN through ankyrin repeat region and the SH3-domain in an activation-independent status of LYN. ANKRD54 creates a multiprotein complex with LYN and HCLS1.

Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 belongs to a gene family whose products hydrolyze small C-terminal adducts of ubiquitin to produce the ubiquitin monomer. UCHL3 takes part in the regulation of neuronal development and spermatogenesis and is associated to neurodegenerative diseases. UCHL3 has a 54% homology to UCHL1.

Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 3, also known as ENTPD3, which owns a threefold preference for the hydrolysis of ATP over ADP is similar to E-type nucleotidases (NTPases). ENTPD3 is a protein coding gene which contains four apyrase-conserved areas which is characteristic of NTPases.

FKBP4 is part of the immunophilin protein family, which takes part in immunoregulation and necessary cellular processes concerning protein folding and trafficking. FKBP4 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that connects to the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP4 has high structural and functional similarity to FKBP1A, though, FKBP4 does not have immunosuppressant activity when complexed with FK506. FKBP4 is known to connect with phytanoyl-CoA alpha-hydroxylase. FKBP4 associates with HSP90 & HSP70 thus takes part in the intracellular trafficking of hetero-oligomeric forms of the steroid hormone receptors. FKBP4 highly associates with adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors (AAV) resulting in a considerable increase in AAV-mediated transgene expression in human cell lines. FKBP4 is involved in the optimal use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy.

E. coli UDG is a valuable tool in molecular biology research for its ability to remove uracil from DNA templates. This enzyme is widely used in various applications, including site-directed mutagenesis, PCR amplification, and sequencing. UDG can remove uracil from the template strand of a DNA duplex, enabling the introduction of specific mutations or the creation of nicked DNA for downstream applications. Additionally, UDG is used in PCR amplification to prevent the amplification of any residual uracil-containing templates, which can lead to false-positive results. UDG has also been used in sequencing applications to remove uracil from DNA templates before sequencing, improving the accuracy and reliability of the results.

Conclusion: E. coli UDG is a highly conserved enzyme that plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic integrity by removing uracil from DNA. The crystal structure of E. coli UDG has been extensively studied, revealing the conserved catalytic mechanism and the interaction of the protein with DNA. E. coli UDG is a valuable enzyme with numerous applications in molecular biology research and potential applications in the medical field, such as cancer treatment. More research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of targeting UDG. Overall, E. coli UDG is a valuable enzyme with numerous applications in molecular biology research and potential applications in the medical field.

Keratin 8 and 18 (K8/18) are the major components of intermediate filament (IF) proteins of simple or single-layered epithelia.

Endothelial cells express three different vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, belonging to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). They are named VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1), VEGFR-3 (Flt-4). Their expression is almost exclusively restricted to endothelial cells, but VEGFR-1 can also be found on monocytes, dendritic cells and on trophoblast cells. The flt-1 gene was first described in 1990. The receptor contains seven immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains, a single transmembrane region and an intracellular splited tyrosine kinase domain. Compared to VEGFR-2 the Flt-1 receptor has a higher affinity for VEGF but a weaker signaling activity. VEGFR-1 thus leads not to proliferation of endothelial cells, but mediates signals for differentiation. Interestingly a naturally occuring soluble variant of VEGFR-1 (sVEGFR-1) was found in HUVE supernatants in 1996, which is generated by alternative splicing of the flt-1 mRNA. The biological functions of sVEGFR-1 still are not clear, but it seems to be an endogenous regulator of angiogenesis, binding VEGF with the same affinity as the full-length receptor.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone also known as AMH is a member of the TGF-beta family. AMH is a glycoprotein which is produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis, causes regression of the Muellerian duct. AMH inhibits the growth of tumors derived from tissues of Muellerian duct origin. Moreover, AMH participates in Leydig cell differentiation and function in addition to follicular development in adult females.

Discoidin Domain Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (DDR2) which is mostly expressed in mesenchymal cells is a part of the discoidin-like domain containing subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. DDR2 whose ligand is fibrillar collagen rather than a growth factor-like peptide is unique among RTKs. DDR2 regulates cell differentiation, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, cell migration and cell proliferation. DDR2 is also essential for normal bone development.

Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that populates in the stomach, predominantly at the antrum. Helicobacter pylori causes a chronic inflammation of the mucoid lining of stomach and is highly related to the growth of duodenal and gastric ulcers and stomach cancer. Over 50% of the world's population harbor H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tract, infection is more prevalent in developing countries. Thus far, no ideal target H. pylori antigen has been developed for the diagnostic purpose. 23 kDa H. pylori outer membrane protein was identified with a good sensitivity and coverage in the diagnosis of H. pylori infection.

GLYAT is a mitochondrial acyltransferase that conjugates glycine with acyl-CoA substrates in the mitochondria. GLYAT is vital to the detoxification of endogenous and xenobiotic acyl-CoA's.

DCTD is an allosteric enzyme that exists as a homohexamer and is part of the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase protein family. DTCD uses zinc as a cofactor to catalyze the deamination of dCMP to dUMP, thus making the nucleotide substrate (dUMP) that is used by thymidylate synthase.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms, β, γ, ε, σ, ζ, τ and η that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3 tau, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was found in T Cells, brain and testes. This 14-3-3 tau is upregulated in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Gamma-glutamylaminecyclotransferase (A2LD1) is an enzyme which converts gamma-glutamylamines to free amines and 5-oxoproline. A2LD1 demonstrates high activity toward gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine, derived from the breakdown of fibrin and other proteins cross-linked by transglutaminases. A2LD1 assists in the proteolytic degradation of crosslinked fibrin by breaking down isodipeptide L-gamma-glutamyl-L-epsilon-lysine, which is a byproduct of fibrin degradation. The reaction catalyzed by the A2LD1 produces 5-oxo-L-proline and a free alkylamine.

Activins are homodimers or heterodimers of the different β subunit isoforms, part of the TGFβ family. Mature Activin A has two 116 amino acids residues βA subunits (βA-βA). Activin displays an extensive variety of biological activities, including mesoderm induction, neural cell differentiation, bone remodelling, haematopoiesis, and reproductive physiology. Activins takes part in the production and regulation of hormones such as FSH, LH, GnRH and ACTH. Cells that are identified to express Activin A include fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, keratinocytes, osteoclasts, bone marrow monocytes, prostatic epithelium, neurons, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and ovarian granulosa cells.

Scavenger mRNA-decapping enzyme (DCPS) is a member of the HIT family. DCPS is required for the complete degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. It was shown that DCPS hydrolyzes the residual m7GpppN cap structure after the complete 3'–5' degradation of the mRNA by the exosome. Furthermore, DCPS releases m7GMP and is incapable of cleaving cap structures attached to a long RNA chain.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes which charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (NARS) is localized to the cytoplasm and is a member of the class II family of tRNA synthetases. The N-terminal domain characterizes the signature sequence for the eukaryotic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetases.

APOA1 (Apolipoprotein A-1) is a protein with a specific role in lipid metabolism being the main protein component of HDL in the plasma. APOA1 promotes cholesterol efflux from tissues to the liver for excretion. Furthermore, APOA1 is a cofactor for LCAT, which is responsible for the formation of most plasma cholesteryl esters. In addition, APOA1 activates spermatozoa motility as part of the SPAP complex. The APOA1 gene is strongly linked with two other apolipoprotein genes on chromosome 11. Defects in the APOA1 gene are linked to HDL deficiency including Tangier disease, and with systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis. High levels of APOA1 are linked to the manifestation of asthma and atopy.

ARL4A is related Specifically to ARL6 and ARL7 and belongs to the ARF-like protein (ARL) subfamily of small GTPases. However, unlike ARFs, ARL4 does not activate the cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltranferase. ARL4A takes part in neurogenesis during embryonic development and somitogenesis in the early stages of adult spermatogenesis.