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WIF1 binds to wnt proteins and inhibits their activities. WIF1 plays a role in mesoderm segmentation. WNT proteins are extracellular signaling molecules that take part in the control of embryonic development & cancer. WIF1 protein contains a WNT inhibitory factor (WIF) domain and 5 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. WIF1 takes part in mesoderm segmentation. WIF1 protein is found to be present in fish, amphibia and mammals. WIF1 is a recurrent target in human salivary gland oncogenesis. Downregulation of WIF1 takes part in the development and progression of pleomorphic adenomas. WIF1 is a tumor suppressor, specifically in nonfunctioning pituitary tumors.

EDA2R (ectodysplasin A2 receptor) mediates the activation of the NF-kappa-B and JNK pathways. Activation seems to be mediated through binding to TRAF3 and TRAF6. In addition, Mutations in EDA give rise to a clinical syndrome characterized by loss of hair, sweat glands, and teeth. EDA2R specifically binds to EDA-A2 isoform. This protein is a type III transmembrane protein of the TNFR (tumor necrosis factor receptor) superfamily, and contains 3 cysteine-rich repeats and a single transmembrane domain however it lacks an N-terminal signal peptide. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Among the diseases associated with EDA2R are ectodermal dysplasia 1, hypohidrotic, x-linked, and hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

C-JUN is a gene which, in combination with c-Fos, forms the AP-1early response transcription factor. C-JUN is activated by the JNKpathway. C-JUN is the putative transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus 17. C-JUN is a protein which is highly similar to the viral protein, and which interacts directly with specific target DNA sequences to regulate gene expression. The C-JUN gene is intronless and is mapped to 1p32-p31, a chromosomal region involved in both translocations and deletions in human malignancies.

EIF2B1 is one of five subunits of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (EIF2B), which is a GTP exchange factor for eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and an essential regulator for protein synthesis. Phosphorylation of eIF2 inhibits GEF activity of EIF2B, an inhibition which requires the eIF2B1 subunit. Defects in eIF2B1 are a cause of leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM), a brain disease which is characterized by head trauma and motor deterioration.

The Fas receptor (CD95) mediates apoptotic signaling by Fas-ligand expressed on the surface of other cells. The Fas-FasL interaction plays an important role in the immune system and lack of this system leads to autoimmunity, indicating that Fas-mediated apoptosis removes self-reactive lymphocytes. Fas signaling is also involved in immune surveillance to remove transformed cells and virus infected cells. Binding of FAS to oligimerized FasL on another cell activates apoptotic signaling through a cytoplasmic domain termed the death domain that interacts with signaling adaptors including FAF, FADD and DAX to activate the caspase proteolytic cascade. Caspase-8 and caspase-10 are first activated, to then cleave and activate downstream caspases, and a variety of cellular substrates that lead to cell death. Caspases cleave nuclear lamins, causing the nucleus to break down and lose its normal structure and another caspase substrate is DFF, inducing cleavage and degradation of the genome. Other caspase substrates are involved in cytoskeletal structure, cell cycle regulation and signaling pathways. Activation of JNK kinase, activation of Jun, and production of ceramide may also play roles in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Activation of fas-mediated apoptosis is opposed by I-FLICE and FAP. Viruses and tumors may escape immune surveillance in part through suppression of fas-mediated apoptosis using similar mechanisms.

POU5F1 is a homeodomain transcription factor of the POU family, expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells.POU5F1 is significantly involved in the signaling pathway for maintaining self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells. POU5F1 has 2 distinct DNA binding domains which independently bind half-sites of the canonical octamer motif. This flexibility allows POU5F1 to bind with distinct DNA motifs by forming heterodimers with other transcription factors or by forming homodimers in several conformations. Human POU5F1 contains a 75aa POU specific (POUS) domain and a 60aa POU-Homeo-(POUH) domain connected by a linker region. The Human POU5F1 specifically interacts with Octamer motif ATGCAAAT. In addition, 2 proline-rich domains in the N-terminal and C-terminal regions are vital for POU5F1 transactivation. POU5F1 regulates a number of target genes and has been shown to work jointly with other transcription factors including Sox2 as well as Nanog to sustain stem cell potency and self-renewal.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, Neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-a). It is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophilsand epithelial cells, and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines.

CTF2P, aka Neuropoietinis a part of the IL-6 family of cytokines. CTF2P is the outcome of a gene duplication event involving cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) and it helps to define a subfamily within the IL-6 family that includes CT-1, CLC and CTNF. CTF2P Increases the platelet count associated with splenomegaly and takes part in neuronal precursor development and maturation.

GSTK1 is involved in cellular detoxification. GSTK1 is localized to the peroxisome and catalyzes the conjugation of the thiol group of glutathione (GSH) to the electrophilic groups of a broad range of hydrophobic substrates, leading to an easier removal of the latter from the cells.

GCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes.

Interleukin 10 or IL-10 or human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, is a cytokine (anti-inflammatory). IL10 gene is coding for il-10 In humans. Interleukin 10 has a receptor complex that is built from a couple of IL-10 receptor-1 and a couple of IL-10 receptor-2 proteins. therfore, the whole receptor unit consists of four IL-10 receptor molecules. IL-10 binds the receptor and causes STAT3 signalling through the phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic ends of IL-10 receptor 1 and IL-10 receptor 2 through JAK1 and Tyk2.

RANGRF is a protein which acts as a guanine nucleotide release factor in mouse and regulates the expression and function of the Nav1.5 cardiac sodium channel in human. RANGRF also controls the intracellular trafficking of RAN. In cardiac cells, the RANGRF appears to regulate the cell surface localization of SCN5A.

Interleukin-3 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced primarily by activated T cells.
IL-3 is thought to function via specific cell surface receptors to stimulate the proliferation, differentiation and survival of haematopoietic cell lines. IL-3 has also been shown to affect the functional activity of a variety of other cell types including mast cells, eosinophils, megakaryocytes and basophils.

Erythropoietin receptor, also known as EPOR arbitrates erythropoietin-induced erythroblast proliferation as well as differentiation. During EPO binding, EPOR activates Jak2 tyrosine kinase which activates various intracellular pathways including: Ras/MAP kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and STAT transcription factors. Furthermore, stimulated EPOR has a function in erythroid cell survival. Mutations in EPOR may possibly produce erythroleukemia and familial erythrocytosis. In addition, dysregulation of EPOR can affect on the growth of selected tumors.

TPMT, thiopurine S-methyltransferase, is a cytosolic enzyme that metabolizes thiopurine drugs via S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the S-methyl donor and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine as a byproduct. TPMT activity exhibits autosomal codominant genetic polymorphism, and patients inheriting TPMT-deficiency are at high risk of potentially fatal hematopoietic toxicity.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound types of GST are encoded by 2 different supergene families. There are 8 classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are arranged in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and aare highly polymorphic. These genetic differences can change an individual's resistance to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with the rise in a number of cancers.

Human Retinol Binding Protein, also known as RBP, is responsible for transporting and binding vitamin A. Human RBP has a binding site for 1 molecule of retinol and circulates in the plasma together with prealbumin as a protein complex. The prealbumin binding prevents greater glomerular losses of the human RBP. Only the retinol-free form of the RBP, which has no affinity for prealbumin, undergoes glomerular filtration unhindered as a result of its low Mw. Human RBP is re-absorbed by the tubular cells and catabolized there.

SMARCA4 belongs to the SWI/SNF family of proteins and is similar to the brahma protein of Drosophila. Proteins in this family have helicase and ATPase activities and are considered to regulate transcription ofcertain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. SMARCA4 is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SNF/SWI, which is essential for transcriptional activation of genesnormally repressed by chromatin. In addition, SMARCA4 is able to bind BRCA1, as well as regulating the expression ofthe tumorigenic protein CD44. Moreover, mutations in SMARCA4 cause rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome type 2.

Prolactin is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized primarily by the pituitary gland but also a variety of other cell types including the placenta, brain and uterus. Its primary function is to promote and maintain lactation but has also been shown to have a role in breast cancer development, regulation of reproductive function and immunoregulation.

IL3 is a potent growth promoting cytokine. This cytokine is capable of supporting the proliferation of a broad range of hematopoietic cell types. It is involved in a variety of cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. This cytokine has been shown to also possess neurotrophic activity, and it may be associated with neurologic disorders.

NRAS binds GDP/GTP and has intrinsic GTPase activity. NRAS is a membrane protein that shuttles between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. This transport is regulated through palmitoylation and depalmitoylation by the ZDHHC9-GOLGA7 complex. NRAS is activated to a GTP-bound form by a GTPase activating protein and inactivated to a GDP-bound form by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor. Defects in this NRAS gene result in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.