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Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) is a small cytokine known as a chemokine that was previously called monocyte-specific chemokine 3 (MCP3). Due to CCL7 possessing two adjacent N-terminal cysteine residues in its mature protein, it is classified among the subfamily of chemokines known as CC chemokines. CCL7 specifically attracts monocytes, and regulates macrophage function. It is produced by certain tumor cell lines and by macrophages. This chemokine is located on chromosome 17 in humans, in a large cluster containing many other CC chemokines and is most closely related to CCL2(previously called MCP1).

Pin 1 is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) which interacts with NIMA and essential for cell cycle regulation Pin1 is nuclear PPIase containing a WW protein interaction domain, and is structurally and functionally related to Ess1/Ptf1, an essential protein in budding yeast. PPIase activity is necessary for Ess1/Pin1 function in yeast. Pin1 is thus an essential PPIase that regulates mitosis presumably by interacting with NIMA and attenuating its mitosis-promoting activity. Substrates of Pin1 include the mitotic regulators (Cdc25 phosphatase and NIMA, PLK I, Wee, and Myt1 kinases), several transcription factors like b-Catenin, c-Jun, and the tumor suppressor protein p53, and some specific proteins like the RNA Pol II, the cytoskeleton protein tau, and the G1/S protein Cyclin D1.

tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 (TRDMT1) is a member of the C5-methyltransferase family. TRDMT1 specifically methylates cytosine 38 in the anticodon loop of tRNA(Asp). TRDMT1 is a protein responsible for the methylation of aspartic acid transfer RNA, particularly at the cytosine-38 residue in the anticodon loop. In addition, the TRDMT1 enzyme has residual DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity. TRDMT1 is expressed ubiquitously; however it has a higher expression in the testis, ovary and thymus and at much lower levels in the spleen, prostate, colon, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Though similar in sequence and structure to DNA cytosine methyltransferases, the TRDMT1 gene is distinctive and extremely conserved in its function between taxa.

GMPR2 is the single known metabolic step by which guanine nucleotides can be transformed to the pivotal precursor of both adenine and guanine nucleotides. GMPR2 catalyzes the permanent NADPH-dependent reductive deamination of GMP to IMP, and is involved in re-utilization of free intracellular bases and purine nucleosides.

MAGEA5 belongs to the MAGEA gene family which encodes proteins with 50 to 80% sequence identity to each other. The promoters and first exons of the MAGEA genes are variable, which signify that the presence of this gene family enables the same role to be expressed under diverse transcriptional controls. The MAGEA genes are clustered at chromosomal location Xq28. They are associated with several hereditary disorders, like dyskeratosis congenita. MAGEA5 gene encodes a protein which is C-terminally truncated compared to other family members, and can be alternatively interpreted to be a pseudogene.

Type IV collagen is a major structural component of basement membranes. It is a multimeric protein composed of 3 alpha subunits, which are encoded by 6 different genes, alpha 1 through alpha 6. Each of these alpha subunits can form a triple helix structure with 2 other subunits to form type IV collagen. The Goodpasture syndrome is a condition in which autoantibodies bind to the collagen molecules in the basement membranes of alveoli and glomeruli. The epitopes that elicit these autoantibodies are restricted basically to the non-collagenous C-terminal domain of the protein. There are numerous alternative transcripts that appear to be unique to the human COL4A3 and alternative splicing is limited to the six exons that encode this C-terminal domain. COL4A3 is also linked to an autosomal recessive form of Alport syndrome. The mutations contributing to the Alport syndrome are also situated within the exons that encode this C-terminal region. COL4A3 is organized in a head-to-head conformation with another type IV collagen gene so that each gene pair shares a common promoter. Several exons of COL4A3 are interspersed with exons of an uncharacterized gene which is on the opposite strand.

Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced mainly by the liver and the kidneyt hat regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow. It stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that fragment into large numbers of platelets.

Histamine N-Methyltransferase or HNMT, is located in the cell cytosol. Sadenosyl-L-methionine acts as a methyl donor for HNMT which inactivates histamine. By inactivation of histamine, it affects the immune system’s response. HNMT acts on histamine in body tissues such as kidney, central nervous system and bronchus. The protein has a crucial part in the airway response to histamine & histamine degradation process and regulation.

FUBP1 is a ssDNA binding protein which stimulates expression of c-myc in undifferentiated cells and activates the far upstream element (FUSE) of c-myc. Regulation of FUSE by FUBP happens by single-strand binding of FUBP to the non-coding strand. FUBP1 performs as an ATP-dependent DNA helicase.

Lipid hydroperoxide peroxidase (TPX) belongs to the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, which reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. TPX has an imperative role in thioredoxin peroxidase activity.

Bone Morphogenetic protein Receptor-1B, also known as BMPR1B belongs to the TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. BMPR1Bis on ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate as well as activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, afterward bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. BMPR1B is receptor for BMP7/OP-1 as well as GDF5.

Charged multivesicular body protein 1b (CHMP1B) is a member of the chromatin-modifying protein/charged multivesicular body protein (CHMP) family. CHMP1B is a possible peripherally associated component of the ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting required for transport complex III) which is involved in MVBs (multivesicular bodies) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The MVBs contain ILVs (intraluminal vesicles) which are created by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and generally are transported to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids.

Myoglobin is a member of the globin superfamily and exists in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Myoglobin is a haemoprotein that contributs to intracellular oxygen storage and transcellular facilitated diffusion of oxygen. Myoglobin is frequently referred to as having an "instant binding tenacity" to oxygen given its hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve. Different organisms are able to hold their breaths longer due to high concentrations of myoglobin in their muscle cells. Myoglobin is responsible for the pigments that make meat red. The color of the meat is partly determined by the charge of the iron atom in myoglobin and the oxygen attached to it. Myoglobin is found in Type I muscle, Type II A and Type II B, but it is mostly deemed that myoglobin is not found in smooth muscle.

Human Phosphoserine phosphatase (hPSP) is an important enzyme in the phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis, which contributes a major portion of the endogenous L-serine. Similar to known L-3-phosphoserine phosphatases, it catalyzed the Mg2+-dependent hydrolysis of L-phosphoserine and an exchange reaction between L-serine and L-phosphoserine. Recently, its complex structures reveal that the open-closed environmental change of the active site, generated -helical bundle domain, is important to substrate by local rearrangement of the recognition and hydrolysis.

Ribosomes are the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis and composed of a small and a large subunit that consist of over 80 different ribosomal proteins. RPL31, a member of the L31E family of ribosomal proteins, is a component of the 60S subunit ribosome protein located in the cytoplasm. High levels of expression of RPL31 were detected in familial adenomatous polyps. Multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene were detached through the genome, as is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins.

DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells, (XPA), is a member of the XPA family. XPA protein takes a part in DNA excision repair. It Inductees repair by binding to damaged sites with different affinities depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region. Defects in XPA is the reason of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP-A), which is infrequent human autosomal recessive disease which characterized by solar sensitivity, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight, also may cause to neurological abnormalities.

Dual specificity phosphatase 13 (DUSP13) is a member of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. DUSP13 cooperates with protein kinases to control cell proliferation and differentiation. DUSP13 is engaged in the regulation of meiosis and/or differentiation of testicular germ cells in the course of spermatogenesis. DUSP13 demonstrates intrinsic phosphatase activity towards both phospho-seryl/threonyl and -tyrosyl residues of myelin basic protein, with similar specific activities in vitro.

POU5F1 is a homeodomain transcription factor of the POU family, expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells.POU5F1 is significantly involved in the signaling pathway for maintaining self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells. POU5F1 has 2 distinct DNA binding domains which independently bind half-sites of the canonical octamer motif. This flexibility allows POU5F1 to bind with distinct DNA motifs by forming heterodimers with other transcription factors or by forming homodimers in several conformations. Human POU5F1 contains a 75aa POU specific (POUS) domain and a 60aa POU-Homeo-(POUH) domain connected by a linker region. The Human POU5F1 specifically interacts with Octamer motif ATGCAAAT. In addition, 2 proline-rich domains in the N-terminal and C-terminal regions are vital for POU5F1 transactivation. POU5F1 regulates a number of target genes and has been shown to work jointly with other transcription factors including Sox2 as well as Nanog to sustain stem cell potency and self-renewal.

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) which is a significant hormone of the enteroinsular axis has a functional profile of possible therapeutic value for type 2 diabetes. GIP is an important incretin hormone released into the circulation from endocrine K-cells of the duodenum and jejunum after ingestion of food1. GIP was evaluated for his ability to elevate cellular cAMP production. GIP promotes plasma triglyceride clearance in response to oral fat loading.

MIG (CXCL9) is a small cytokine which is part of the CXC chemokine family. MIG, which is also recognized as monokine is induced by gamma interferon. MIG is related to 2 other CXC chemokines named CXCL10 and CXCL11, whose genes are located next to the gene for CXCL9 on human chromosome 4. CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 obtain their chemotactic functions by interacting with the chemokine receptor CXCR3.

Dimethylglycine oxidase (DMGO) is a covalent flavoenzyme from Arthrobacter globiformis that catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of dimethylglycine to yield sarcosine, formaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide. The N-terminal region binds FAD covalently so it is yellowish.

Bestrophin 1 (BEST1) is a part of the bestrophin gene family and is also forms calcium-activated chloride-ion channels in epithelial. This small gene family is characterized by proteins with a highly conserved N-terminus with 4-6 transmembrane domains. BEST1 is extremely permeable to bicarbonate.