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AFP is normally synthesized in the liver, intestinal tract, and yolk sac of the fetus. Antibody to AFP has been shown to be useful in detecting hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and germ cell neoplasms, especially yolk sac tumors.

HSP27 (also known as the Estrogen-Regulated 24K protein, and hsp 28) is a member of the mammalian small heat shock protein family. Hsp27 is expressed constitutively in many tissues and its expression is increased to high levels after various types of stress including elevated temperatures, toxic metals, drugs and oxidants. Also, Hsp27 is phosphorylated in vivo on three phosphorylation sites (Ser15, Ser78 and Ser82) by protein kinases including MAPKAP kinase 2 and the stress-activated protein kinase SAPK2 (p38).

GNMT is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine with glycine to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and sarcosine. GNMT is located in the cytoplasm and acts as a homotetramer. Defects in the GNMT gene causes of GNMT deficiency (hypermethioninemia). GNMT affects DNA methylation by regulating the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocystine and is involved in the detoxification pathway in liver cells. GNMT expression is diminished in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). GNMT catalyzes the methylation of glycine by using s- adenosylmethionine (adomet) to form n-methylglycine (sarcosine) with the concomitant production of s-adenosylhomocysteine (adohcy). GNMT plays an essential role in the regulation of tissue concentration of adomet and of metabolism of methionine.

Prolactin is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized primarily by the pituitary gland but also a variety of other cell types including the placenta, brain and uterus. Its primary function is to promote and maintain lactation but has also been shown to have a role in breast cancer development, regulation of reproductive function and immunoregulation.

Cyclophilin-E is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and speeds up the protein folding. Cyclophilin-E contains a highly conserved cyclophilin domain in addition to a RNA-binding domain. Cyclophilin-E exhibits PPIase activity, protein folding activities and possess RNA-binding activity. Cyclophilin-E contains 2 RNA binding domains at the N-terminal region and a PPIase domain at the C-terminal region.

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. As its name implies, VEGF activity has been mostly studied on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells ).VEGF mediates increased vascular permeability, induces angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration, and inhibits apoptosis. In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.
Elevated levels of this protein is linked to POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Mutations in this gene have been associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

RAB7A belongs to the Ras superfamily of small Rab GTPases. RAB7A connects with the RIPL effector protein to regulator membrane trafficking from early to late endosome and to lysosomes. RAB7A can also regulate growth receptor endocytic trafficking, degradation, maturation of phagosome and autophagic vacuoles.

EPCAM is a carcinoma-associated antigen and belongs to a family which includes at least 2 type I membrane proteins. The EPCAM protein has a role in embryonic stem cells proliferation and differentiation. EPCAM is used as a target for immunotherapy treatment of human carcinomas. EPCAM is expressed on most normal epithelial cells and gastrointestinal carcinomas and acts as a homotypic calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule. Epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EPCAM) can act as a physical homophilic interaction molecule between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) at the mucosal epithelium for supplying immunological barrier as a first line of defense against mucosal infection. EPCAM gene mutations result in congenital tufting enteropathy.

Cathepsin B preproprotein (CTSB) is a papain-family cysteine protease which is normally located in lysosomes. CTSB is able to degrade several extracellular matrix components at both neutral and acidic pH and has been implicated in the progression of some human and rodent tumors progression and arthritis.

Acyl-CoA Thioesterase 7 (ACOT7) belongs to the acyl coenzyme family. ACOT7 hydrolyzes the CoA thioester of palmitoyl-CoA and other long-chain fatty acids. Decreased expression of the ACOT7 protein may be linked to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Serine/threonine-protein kinase 16 (STK16) is a membrane-associated protein kinase which phosphorylates on serine and threonine residues. STK16 is involved in secretory vesicle trafficking or intracellular signaling. Furthermore, the STK16 protein may have a role in regulating stromal-epithelial interactions which occur during ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland. STK16 can autophosphorylate on Tyr residue; it is however unclear whether STK16 has tyrosine-protein kinase toward other proteins. STK16 may also be involved in TGF-beta signaling.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a member of the Mycobacteriaceae family, is an important infectious pathogenic bacteria and the cause for most cases of tuberculosis. It is the second common cause of death from an infectious disease in the world. Diagnosis using patient’s specimen culture of M. tuberculosis are still considered gold standard, but it is expensive and time-consuming. RV-1681 is a protein released from M. tuberculosis on infected organ, which filtrates through into the urine after circulating in the blood flow, to the kidney.RV-1681 is considered to be a reliable marker for M. tuberculosis diagnosis allowing easy low cost and time saving urine testing to screen large population for M. tuberculosis infection.

MMP9 is part of the matrix metalloproteinase family. MMP enzymes take part in the dismantle of extracellular matrix in different physiological pathways, for instance wound healing, bone development, reproduction etc. the enzyme is also involved in pathological pathways: metastasis, arthritis and intracerebral hemorrhage.

Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase 2 (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible transamination among alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 expressed mainly in muscle, fat and kidney and participates in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids.

EGF Domain-Specific O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase (EOGT) takes part in the regulation of Notch receptor. EOGT catalyzes the transfer of a single N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-GlcNAc to a serine/ threonine residue in extracellular proteins resulting in their modification with a beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). EOGT mainly glycosylates the Thr residue positioned between the fifth and sixth conserved cysteines of folded EGF-like domains.

ENO1 is a homodimeric soluble protein that encodes a smaller monomeric structural lens protein, tau-crystallin. ENO1 is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in mainly all tissues. ENO1 isoenzyme full length protein is found in the cytoplasm. The shorter protein is formed from another translation start that is restricted to the nucleus, and binds to a component in the c-myc promoter. ENO1 is involved in anaerobic metabolism under hypoxic conditions and plays a role as a cell surface plasminogen receptor during tissue invasion. Irregular expression of Enolase-1 is linked with tumor progression in several cases of breast and lung cancer. Enolase-1 is as an auto antigen associated with Hashimoto's encephalopathy and severe asthma. ENO1 is the target protein of serum anti-endothelial antibody in Behcet's disease.

NDK (Nucleoside diphosphate kinase) exists as a hexamer composed of 'A' (encoded by NME1) and 'B' (encoded by NME2) isoforms. NME1 is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis, and gene expression. It also has tumor metastasis-suppressive capacity. NME1 has a key role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. NME1 is essential for neural development including neural patterning and cell future determination.
The NME1 gene is expressed in various tumor types where its levels have been alternatively linked to reduced or increased metastatic potential.
Decrease in NME1 expression is notably connected to aggressive behavior in melanoma, breast, colon, and gastric carcinomas. In contrast, elevated levels of NME1 gene expression are noted in the advanced stage of thyroid carcinomas.
Somatic mutations of the NME1 gene are found in neuroblastoma. Increased NME1 in neuroblastoma is linked to features of the disease that are associated with aggressive tumors.

TMEFF2 is a gene encoding a plasma membrane protein with two follistatin-like domains and one epidermal growth factor–like domain. TMEFF2 has limited normal tissue distribution and is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. The shedded form of TMEFF2 up-regulates cancer cell proliferation, most likely by promoting ERK1/2 phosphorylation. TMEFF2 is down-regulated in tumor cell lines in response to a high level of methylation in the 5'' region.

c-Myc is a multifunctional, nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a role in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cellular transformation. It functions as a transcription factor that regulates transcription of specific target genes. Mutations, overexpression, rearrangement and translocation of c-Myc have been associated with a variety of hematopoietic tumors, leukemias and lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma. There is evidence to show that alternative translation initiations from an upstream, in-frame non-AUG (CUG) and a downstream AUG start site result in the production of two isoforms with distinct N-termini. The synthesis of non-AUG initiated protein is suppressed in Burkitt's lymphomas, suggesting its importance in the normal function of this gene.

Cyclophilin-D is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and speeds up the protein folding. Cyclophilin-D possess PPIase activity and binds to the immunosuppressant cyclosporin-A. Cyclophilin-D is very well known that its overexpression suppresses the apoptosis in cancer cell. Cyclophilin-D suppresses apoptotic cell death by the use of mitochondrial hexokinase-2 dependent mechanism in cancer cells.

HPGD is the essential enzyme of prostaglandin degradation. 15-PGDH protein strongly decreases the biologic activity of these molecules by catalyzing the oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl group of prostaglandins to a keto group. GDH1 is involved in numerous physiologic and cellular processes, for instance inflammation.

MAT2A is an important enzyme in cellular metabolism and catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) from L-methionine and ATP. MAT2A is expressed in extrahepatic tissues. In liver, MAT2A expression associates with growth, dedifferentiation, and cancer. NF-kappa B and AP-1 are necessary for basal MAT2A expression in HepG2 cells and mediate the increase in MAT2A expression in response to TNF-alpha. Up-regulation of MAT2A provides growth improvement and s-adenosylmethionine and methylthioadenosine thus can block mitogenic signaling in colon cancer cells. Lower expression of both MAT2A and MAT2beta and interfere with leptin signaling in liver cancer cells.