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Intrinsic Factor is a member of the cobalamin transport protein family. It encodes a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa and is required for adequate absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum. Vitamin B12 is essential for erythrocyte maturation and mutations in the Intrinsic Factor may lead to congenital pernicious anemia. Upon entry into the stomach, vitamin B12 binds to one of two B12 binding proteins present in the gastric fluid. In the less acidic environment of the small intestine, these proteins dissociate from the vitamin, allowing it to bind to intrinsic factor and enter the portal circulation through a receptor in the ileal mucosa specific for the B12-intrinsic factor complex.

NMRAL1 is a redox sensor protein which goes through reformation and subcellular rearrangement in reaction to alterations in intracellular NADPH/NADP+ levels. When the NADPH concentration is low the protein is found mostly as a monomer, and binds argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1), which takes part in nitric oxide synthesis. Association with ASS1 defects NMRAL1 activity and diminishes the production of nitric oxide, which then inhibits apoptosis. When the NADPH concentration is normal , the protein is found as a dimer and hides the binding site for ASS1.

Nucleolar protein 3 (NOL3) is primarily expressed in the muscle and is appears in the nucleoplasm and concentrated in nucleoli. NOL3 is an anti-apoptotic protein which down-regulates the enzymatic activities of caspase 2, caspase 8 and tumor protein p53. NOL3 is highly expressed in the heart and skeletal muscle. NOL3 is identified at low levels in the placenta, liver, kidney and pancreas. The NOL3 mRNA and protein levels are stimulated by neuronal activity, which is vital in order to promote neuroplasticity, thus indicating a potential role for NOL3 in activity-dependent changes in dendrite function. NOL3 localizes to the cytoskeleton of neuronal cells and seems to colocalize with F-Actin, though it may connect with an actin-associated protein instead of directly with F-Actin.

Sorting nexin 3 (SNX3) belongs to the large family of hydrophilic proteins, which interact with various receptor types and are involved in intracellular trafficking. SNX3 interacts with phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, and is involved in protein trafficking. SNX3 comprises a distinct subgroup of nexins, which share less sequence similarity outside of the PX domain and have significantly different binding affinities for the tyrosine kinase receptors.

STX17 is a member of to the syntaxin family and contains 1 t-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain. STX17 is involved in vesicle trafficking to lysosomes and takes part in procedures associated with cell division.

STX6 is a member of the syntaxin family and has 1 t-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain. STX6 takes part in intracellular vesicle transferring. STX6 binds EEA1 and Interacts with VPS45A, MARCH2, MARCH3 and GOPC. It is found in a complex comprising STX6, STX12, VAMP4 and VTI1A.

PCK1 is a central regulating point for the regulation of gluconeogenesis. PCK1 has a vital part in this process by stimulating hepatic glucose production. The expression of PCK1 is controlled by cAMP, glucocorticoids, diet etc. Modulation of the signals controlling PCK1 levels offers a possible therapeutic tactic to the treatment of Diabetes and subsequently obesity.

PDRG1 is a 133 amino acid protein that localizes to the cytoplasm and belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family. PDRG1 is expressed primarily in normal testicular tissue, it is functionally induced by ultraviolet light and is thought to have a role in chaperone-mediated protein folding, possibly having a role in cellular degradation. PDRG1 is linked to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, ring chromosome 20 epilepsy syndrome and Alagille syndrome.

CARD18 belongs to the death-domain-fold superfamily which is induced by proinflammatory stimuli. CARD18 contains basically only a Caspase recruitment domain, inhibits generation of IL-1b by cooperating with caspase-1 and inhibiting connotation with RIP 2. The connotation of CARD18 to caspase-1 is enabled by the charge-charge interactions between the prodomain of caspase-1 and the surface charge of CARD18.

Prepronociceptin (PNOC) is the ligand of the opioid receptor-like receptor (OPRL1). PNOC functions as a transmitter in the brain by modulating nociceptive and locomotor behavior. The PNOC protein may also be involved in neuronal differentiation and development.

Polymerase (DNA Directed), Epsilon 3, also know as POLE3, is a histone-fold protein which interacts with other histone-fold proteins to bind DNA in a sequence-independent manner. These histone-fold protein dimers merge into larger enzymatic complexes for DNA transcription, replication, and packaging.

Target of Myb1-Like 2, also known as TOM1L2 is a member of theTOM1 family.TOM1L2 takes part in protein transport. Furthermore, TOM1L2 regulates growth factor-induced mitogenic signaling.

LAT is a vital membrane protein that is phosphorylated by ZAP-70/Syk protein tyrosine kinases succeeding activation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal transduction pathway. LAT is expressed in T lymphocytes in interstitial spaces, platelets and megakaryocytes.

PRDX3 is part of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, that reduces hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. PRDX3 is particularly located in the mitochondria and involved in the regulation of cellular redox status by serving as a primary line of defense against H2O2 produced during respiration. PRDX3 is a significant regulator of the abundance of mitochondrial H(2)O(2), which itself promotes apoptosis in cooperation with other mediators of apoptotic signaling. PRDX3 mitochondrial protein is significantly decreased in Alzheimer Disease and Down Syndrome.

Troponin-C2 (Troponin C, skeletal muscle) is the central regulatory antigen of striated muscle contraction, and modulates the Ca2+-activation characteristics of muscle fibers. Troponin-C2 has three subunits, Troponin I(Tn-1), Troponin T(Tn-T) and Troponin C(Tn-C). Tn-I subunit inhibits actomyosin ATPase and Tn-T subunit binds tropomyosin and Tn-C, while Tn-C subunit binds calcium and overcomes the inhibitory action of the troponin complex on actin filaments. Mutations in all components of this complex have been linked with skeletal muscle disease.

Leukocyte Immunoglobulin Like Receptor B1 (LILRB1) is a member of the leukocyteimmunoglobulinlike receptor (LIR) family. LILRB1is expressed on immune cells, binds to MHC classI molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immuneresponse. LILRB1 controls inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity to help focus the immune responseand limit autoreactivity. LILRB1 is also expressed on the surface of B cells and monocytes, subsets of NKcells, gamma δ T cells,memory/effector CD8+ T cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Leucine Zipper Transcription Factor-Like 1, also known as LZTFL1 is a ubiquitously expressed protein which localizes to the cytoplasm. LZTFL1 interacts with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome proteins (BBS) and during its interaction with BBS protein complexes, regulates protein trafficking to the ciliary membrane. Nonsense mutations in LZTFL1 cause a form of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome; a ciliopathy characterized partly by polydactyly, obesity, cognitive impairment, hypogonadism, and kidney failure. LZTFL1 also acts as a tumor suppressor; possibly by interacting with E-cadherin as well as the actin cytoskeleton and in this manner regulating the transition of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells.

rRNA-processing protein UTP23 homolog (UTP23) is a small subunit (SSU) processome component. The SSU processome is a complex involved in ribosome biogenesis and essential for pre-18S rRNA maturation. UTP23 is vital for the first 3 cleavage steps in 18S rRNA maturation. Furthermore, single-point mutations in the conserved putative active site of Utp24 but not Utp23 annul its function in ribosome biogenesis.

PYCR1 is a universal housekeeping enzyme which catalyzes the NAD(P)H-dependent conversion of pyrroline-5-carboxylate to proline. PYCR1 enzyme also takes a physiologic part in the generation of NADP(+) in certain cell types. PYCR1 forms a homopolymer and localizes to the mitochondrion. Mutations in PYCR1 are the source of cutis laxa autosomal recessive type 2B (ARCL2B).

Gametocyte Specific Factor 1 (GTSF1) is a member of the UPF0224 (FAM112) family and contains 1 CHHC-type zinc finger. A key paralog of the GTSF1 gene is GTSF1L.

Retinol-binding proteins (RBP) are a family of proteins with various functions. Retinol and retinoic acid play crucial roles in the modulation of gene expression and overall development of an embryo. However, deficit or excess of either one of these substances can cause early embryo mortality or developmental malformations. Regulation of transport and metabolism of retinol necessary for a successful pregnancy is accomplished via RBP. Retinol binding proteins have been identified within the uterus, embryo, and extraembryonic tissue of the bovine, ovine, and porcine, therefore RBP takes part in proper retinol exposure to the embryo and successful transport at the maternal-fetal interface.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens.
IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I IFNs.

RGS16 is part of the ''regulator of G protein signaling'' family. RGS16 inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. RGS16 Binds to G(i)-alpha and G(o)-alpha, but not to G(s)-alpha. RGS16 regulates the kinetics of signaling in the phototransduction cascade.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.