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Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein secreted by Streptomyces avidinii which binds firmly to biotin. Streptavidin is widely used in molecular biology through its unique high affinity for the vitamin biotin. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the biotin-streptavidin complex is about ~10-15 mol/L. The strong affinity recognition of biotin and biotinylated molecules has made streptavidin one of the most important components in diagnostics and laboratory kits. The streptavidin/biotin system has one of the biggest free energies of association of yet observed for noncovalent binding of a protein and small ligand in aqueous solution (K_assoc = 10**14). The complexes are also extremely stable over a wide range of temperature and pH.

TMEFF1 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which includes 2 follistatin modules and an EGF domain in its extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular domain of TMEFF1 can be released as a soluble protein. TMEFF1 is primarily expressed in brain, but is downregulated in brain neoplasms. TMEFF1 selectively regulates nodal but not activin signaling through direct binding to the nodal co-receptor, Cripto. TMEFF inhibits NODAL and BMP signaling through neural patterning and also a possible tumor suppressor in brain cancers.

Cytokeratin 14 is a member of the keratin family, the most diverse group of intermediate filaments. Cytokeratin 14 is a type I keratin, is usually found as a heterotetramer with two keratin 5 molecules, a type II keratin. Together they form the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells. Mutations in the genes for these keratins are associated with epidermolysis bullosa simplex. At least one pseudogene has been identified at 17p12-p11.

Glucagon is an important hormone involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The hormone is synthesized and secreted from alpha cells (a-cells) of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. Glucagon is released when the glucose level in the blood is low (hypoglycemia), causing the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. The action of glucagon is thus opposite to that of insulin, which instructs the body's cells to take in glucose from the blood in times of satiation.
Glucagon is beneficial for the culture of some cell types. It has been used in some biochemical regulation studies of glycogenolysis in hepatocytes. It has been also been found to induce DNA replication in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes when used in combinations with EGF and Insulin. Glucagon increases the blood glucose concentration by promoting rapid breakdown of liver glycogen, and also acts to relax smooth muscle such as the gastrointestinal tract.

Chromgranin-A is part of the neuroendocrine secretory protein family. CHGA is located in secretory vesicles of neurons and endocrine cells. Chromgranin-A is a precursor to three biologically active peptides; vasostatin, pancreastatin, and parastatin. These peptides act as autocrine or paracrine negative modulators of the neuroendocrine system. Other peptides, including chromostatin, beta-granin, WE-14 and GE-25, are also derived from the full-length protein. Chromgranin-A has numerous biological activities on some tissues and organs and exerts a large spectrum of homeostatic actions, including antifungal and antimicrobial effect, modulation of cell adhesion, and inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion.

GroES protein is the co-chaperonin of GroES in E.coli and assists protein folding. GroEL mediated folding requires the co-chaperonin GroES which is essential for viability. GroES is composed of a single heptameric ring of 10kDa subunits that binds to the ends of the GroEL cylinder. GroES gene was amplified by PCR from E.coli and cloned into an expression vector. This protein was overexpressed in E.coli and was purified by using conventional chromatography techniques.

General Transcription Factor IIH Polypeptide 5 (GTF2H5) is a subunit of transcription/repair factor TFIIH, which serves in gene transcription and DNA repair. GTF2H5 protein stimulates ERCC3/XPB ATPase activity which triggers DNA opening during DNA repair, and is involved in the regulation of cellular levels of TFIIH. GTF2H5 gene mutations result in trichothiodystrophy, complementation group A.

VPS25 contains the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), that is needed for sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs and multivesicular body (MVB) formation. The MVB pathway facilitates transport of transmembrane proteins into the lumen of the lysosome for degradation. The ESCRT-II complex takes part in the recruitment of the ESCRT-III complex which is involved in transcription regulation, probably through its collaboration with ELL.

VSNL1 is a member of the visinin/recoverin subfamily of neuronal calcium sensor proteins. VILIP1 is strongly expressed in granule cells of the cerebellum where it associates with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner and modulates intracellular signaling pathways of the central nervous system by directly or indirectly regulating the activity of adenylyl cyclase. Changes in cellular expression of VSNL1 were found in hipppocampi of schizophrenics, since more interneurons showed immunoreactivity.
VILIP1 is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells. VILIP-1 interacts with cell membrane and actin-based cytoskeleton. VSNL1 modulates cAMP-accumulation in C6 glioma cells. HLP3 modulates cGMP-accumulation in transfected neural cells and cerebellar granule neurons.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? and ? that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3 tau, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was found in T Cells, brain and testes. This 14-3-3 tau is upregulated in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

ALDH3A1 is involved in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. ALDH3A1 participates in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation. ALDH3A1 oxidizes aromatic aldehyde substrates and toxic aldehydes. ALDH3A1 forms a cytoplasmic homodimer that oxidizes aromatic and medium-chain saturated and unsaturated aldehyde substrates. ALDH3A1 promotes resistance to UV and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-induced oxidative damage in the cornea.

GDF8 is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site which is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. The members of this family are regulators of cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. This gene is thought to encode a secreted protein which negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth.

DLST catalyzes the general transformation of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2). DLST holds multiple copies of 3 enzymatic components: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).

26S proteasome complex subunit DSS1 (SHFM1) has been suggested as a candidate gene for the autosomal dominant form of the heterogeneous limb developmental disorder split hand/split foot malformation type 1. SHFM1 is a subunit of the 26S proteasome which plays a part in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. SHFM1 binds and stabilizes BRCA2 and is therefore involved in the control of R-loop-associated DNA damage and thus transcription-associated genomic instability. Furthermore, SHFM1 may have a role in the completion of the cell cycle. SHFM1 is a component of the TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2), comprised of at least ENY2, GANP, PCID2, DSS1, and either centrin CETN2 or CETN3.

DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 24 (DNAJC24) belongs to the ZCSL family of proteins and each contain one DPH-type zinc finger. DNAJC24 is involved in the synthesis of diphthamide, a protein found on translation elongation factor EF-2 which is the target of bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins. DNAJC24 stimulates the ATPase activity of few Hsp70-type chaperones. DNAJC24 detected in heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, kidney and testis.

SLAM family member 6 (SLAMF6) is a member of the SLAM family of immune cell receptors. SLAMF6 is a unique receptor on T cells which, when triggered potentiates T cell expansion in a CD28-independent manner. SLAMF6 has a high expression on NK-, T-, and B cells. SLAMF6 exhibits homotypic interactions and can connect with adaptor molecules such as SAP to alter immune cell function.

Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3, also known as SOCS3 belongs to the SOCS family; in addition SOCS3 is a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI). The SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of SOCS3 is induced by different cytokines, including IL6 and IL10. SOCS3 can bind to JAK2 kinase, and inhibit the activity of JAK2 kinase. Studies of the mouse counterpart of SOCS3 have shown the roles of SOCS3 in the negative regulation of fetal liver hematopoiesis, and placental development.

OLR1 is a type II membrane protein which belongs to the C-type lectin family and performs as a cell-surface receptor for Ox-LDL. Ox-LDL has a part in early ather-osclerosis, which includes the transformation of monocyte-derived macro-phages to foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, OLR1 protein triggers the activation of the NF?B signal transduction pathway.

STX17 is a member of to the syntaxin family and contains 1 t-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain. STX17 is involved in vesicle trafficking to lysosomes and takes part in procedures associated with cell division.

Peptidase Inhibitor 3, also referred to PI3, is neutrophil and pancreatic elastase-specific inhibitor of skin. The protein may prevent elastase mediated tissue proteolysis. PI3 has shown inhibition of alpha-4-beta-2/CHRNA2-CHRNB2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, a weak inhibition on Kv11.1/KCNH2/ERG1 and on the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1.

LDHB is part of the lactate dehydrogenase family. LDHB is an oxidoreductase which catalyses the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. LDHB catalyzes the oxidation of hydroxybutyrate, and frequently called Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase (HBD). The LDH family consists of three members, LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C. LDHs function as powerful markers for germ cell tumors.

GSK3B is a serine-threonine kinase that belongs to the glycogen synthase kinase subfamily. GSK3B is involved in energy metabolism, neuronal cell development, and body pattern formation. Polymorphisms in the GSK3B gene have been implicated in modifying risk of Parkinson disease, and studies in mice show that overexpression of the GSK3B gene may be significant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

RAET1E is a member of the MHC class I family. MHC class I family contains main histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related genes positioned in a cluster on chromosome 6q24.2-q25.3. RAET1E and RAET1G protein are different from other RAET1 proteins since they have type I membrane-spanning sequences at their C termini instead glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor sequences.RAET1E acts as a ligand for NKG2D receptor, expressed on the surface of numerous types of immune cells, involves in innate adaptive immune reactions.RAET1E delivers signals to NK cells and advances tumor immune surveillance by inducing the growth of anti-tumor cytotoxic lymphocyte.