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Calcipressin-3 (RCAN3) takes part in central nervous system development. RCAN3 inhibits calcineurin-dependent transcriptional responses by binding to the catalytic domain of calcineurin A. Overexpression of calcipressin-3 results in inhibition of calcineurin activity towards the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) transcription factors and also downregulates NFAT-dependent cytokine gene expression in activated Jurkat T-cells. Highest expression takes place s in heart, skeletal muscle kidney, liver and peripheral blood leukocytes.

ZCCHC17 protein interacts with PNN and associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit. Universally expressed, ZCCHC17 is localizing to the nucleolus, and takes part in ribosome maturation and biogenesis.

ARF1 is a small guanine nucleotide-binding protein that increases the enzymatic activities of cholera toxin. ARF1 is necessary and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. ARF1 takes part in vesicular transport and functioning via phospholipase D activation. ARF1 is involved in membrane traffic and organelle integrity which are closely tied to their reversible association with membranes and distinct interactions with membrane phospholipids.

Calnexin (CANX) belongs to the calnexin family of molecular chaperones. Calnexin is a calcium-binding, ER-associated protein that interacts briefly with newly synthesized N-linked glycoproteins, facilitating protein folding and assembly. Calnexin may also have a key role in the quality control of protein folding by retaining incorrectly folded protein subunits within the ER for degradation. Calnexin grants long-term protection of wild-type Shaker protein from ER-associated degradation. Polypeptide substrate recognition by Calnexin requires specific conformations of the Calnexin protein. Calnexin dwindles with aging and might contribute to a cytoprotection in an array of human age-related diseases.

Cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) is a nucleic-acid binding protein with seven zinc-finger domains, which has a preference for binding single stranded DNA and RNA. CNBP serves in cap-independent translation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA, and also in sterol-mediated transcriptional regulation. The expansion of A CCTG in CNBP protein’s first intron results in myotonic dystrophy type 2.

The somatomedins, or IGFs, comprise a family of peptides that play important roles in mammalian growth and development. IGF1 mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of GH. Early studies showed that GH did not directly stimulate the incorporation of sulfate into cartilage, but rather acted through a serum factor, termed 'sulfation factor,' which later became known as 'somatomedin' (Daughaday et al., 1972). Three main somatomedins have been characterized: somatomedin C (IGF1), somatomedin A (IGF2; MIM 147470), and somatomedin B (MIM 193190) (Rotwein, 1986; Rosenfeld, 2003).

FGF-basic is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members bind heparin and possess broad mitogenic and angiogenic activities. This protein has been implicated in diverse biological processes, such as limb and nervous system development, wound healing, and tumor growth. The mRNA for this gene contains multiple polyadenylation sites, and is alternatively translated from AUG and non-AUG (CUG) initiation codons resulting in five different isoforms with distinct properties. The CUG-initiated isoforms are localized in the nucleus and are responsible for the intracrine effect, whereas, the AUG-initiated form is mostly cytosolic and is responsible for the paracrine and autocrine effects of this FGF.
The heparin-binding growth factors are angiogenic agents in vivo and are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types in vitro. there are differences in the tissue distribution and concentration of these 2 growth factors.

CD274 takes part in the costimulatory signal, vital for T-cell proliferation and creation of IL10 and IFNG, in a PDCD1-independent and an IL2-dependent manner. CD274 collaboration with PDCD1 inhibits cytokine production and T-cell proliferation.

Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1, is a part of the Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase gene family. DDAH1 participates in nitric oxide generation by regulating cellular concentrations of methylarginines, that in turn inhibit nitric oxide synthase activity. Deficiency of DDAH1 results in ADMA (asymmetric dimethylarginine) increase and a decrease in cGMP generation.

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk) is an enzyme which catalyzes the exchange of phosphate groups between different nucleoside diphosphates. Ndk’s activity sustains equilibrium between the concentrations of various nucleoside triphosphates for example, when GTP is produced in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle is converted to ATP. Ndk has a key role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP.

ARL11 (ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 11) belongs to the ARF family of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases which are known to be involved in multiple regulatory pathways altered in human carcinogenesis. ARFs are highly conserved guanine nucleotide binding proteins which enhance the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of choleratoxin. ARFs are important in eukaryotic vesicular trafficking pathways and they have a vital role in the activation of phospholipase D (PC-PLD). ARL11 is assumed to act as a tumor suppressor which may have a role in the regulation of apoptosis.

ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 5B (ARL5B) is a member of a family of proteins which are structurally similar to ADP-ribosylation factors. ARLs and ARFs belong to the RAS superfamily of regulatory GTPases. ARL5B is most closely related to ARL5, with which it shares 80% sequence identity. Furthermore, Human ARL5B shares 100% identity with mouse ARL8 and 71% identity with the Drosophila homolog.

Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B acts as a cardiac hormone with a variety of biological actions including natriuresis,vasorelaxation,diuresis and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. BNP plays a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis. BNP also helps restore the body's salt and water balance andimproves heart function.

Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) is a member of the TDG/mug DNA glycosylase family.
TDG is a nuclear protein that fixes G/T mismatches to G/C pairs by hydrolyzing the carbon-nitrogen bond between the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA and the mispaired thymin. In addition, TDG removes uracil and 5-bromouracil from mispairings with guanine. The TDG enzyme has an essential role in cellular defense against genetic mutation triggered by the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine and cytosine.

Calpain, Small Subunit 1 (CAPNS1) belongs to the calpain small subunit family. Calpains are a ubiquitous, well-conserved family of calcium-dependent, cysteine proteases, widely distributed in mammalian cells. Calpain families are implicated in neurodegenerative processes, considering that their activation can be triggered by calcium influx and oxidative stress. Calpains function as heterodimers, comprising a specific large catalytic subunit (calpain 1 subunit in Calpain I, and calpain 2 subunit in Calpain II), and a common small regulatory subunit encoded by the CAPNS1 gene. The CAPNS1 protein is vital for the stability and function of both calpain heterodimers, whose proteolytic activities influence numerous cellular functions including apoptosis, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and autophagy.

TGFB-Induced Factor Homeobox 2-Like, X-Linked (TGIF2LX) belongs to the TALE/TGIF homeobox family of transcription factors and takes part in spermatogenesis. A homolog of TGIF2LX is located in the male specific region of chromosome Y, in a block of sequence which is the outcome of a large X-to-Y transposition.

Polymerase III Polypeptide F (POLR3F) is a member of the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family. POLR3F is DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the 4 ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. POLR3F is one of many subunits forming eukaryotic RNA polymerase III (RNA Pol III), which transcribes 5S ribosomal RNA and tRNA genes. POLR3F binds both TFIIIB90 and TBP, 2 subunits of RNA polymerase III transcription initiation factor IIIB (TFIIIB).

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein(C/EBP) g is a family of transcription factors all contain a highly conserved, basic-leucine zipper domain at the C-terminus that is involved in dimerization and DNA binding. C/EBP family of transcription factors regulates viral and cellular CCAAT/enhancer element-mediated transcription. C/EBP family consist of several related proteins, C/EBP a,b,g,d, that form homodimers and/or form heterodimers with each other. C/EBP proteins contain the bZIP region, which is characterized by two motifs in the C-terminal half of the protein; a basic region involved in DNA binding and a leucine zipper motif involved in dimerization. C/EBP g may cooperate with Fos to bind PRE- enhancer elements.

CENPQ is a Component of a CENPH-CENPI-associated centromeric complex which targets CENPA to centromeres and is necessary for proper kinetochore function and mitotic progression. CENPQ takes part in incorporation of newly synthesized CENPA into centromeres using its interaction with the CENPA-NAC complex.

CKS2 protein binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is necessary for their biological function. The CKS2 mRNA is expressed in various patterns through the cell cycle in HeLa cells, which shows spcific role for the encoded protein. CKS2 (CDC28) Protein kinase 2 binds to the catalytic subunit of cyclin-dependent kinases and has thus in involved in cell cycle regulation. CKS2 is required for the first metaphase/anaphase transition during the meiosis. An increase in expression of CKS2 protects the cells from apoptosis. CKS2 is essential during early embryogenesis and cell cycle progression in somatic cells.

MCM7 is a highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance protein (MCM) vital for eukaryotic genome replication initiation. The MCM proteins form a hexameric protein complex which is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre_RC) which takes part in replication forks formation and in DNA replication related proteins recruitment. The MCM complex is comprised of MCM2, 4, 6 and 7 proteins and possesses DNA helicase activity, such as DNA unwinding.

rGFP, also known as Green Fluorescent Protein, is a protein produced by the jellyfish (Aequorea Victoria) that produces bioluminescence in the green zone of the noticeable spectrum. Green Fluorescent Protein is a useful and ubiquitous instrument for producing chimeric proteins, where it functions as a fluorescent protein tag. rGFP is expressed in most known cell types and is used as a noninvasive fluorescent marker in living cells and organisms. Green Fluorescent Protein permits a broad range of applications where it has functioned as a cell lineage tracer, reporter of gene expression, or as a measure of protein-protein interactions.

The somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), comprise a family of peptides that play important roles in mammalian growth and development. IGF1 mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of growth hormone (GH; MIM 139250). Early studies showed that growth hormone did not directly stimulate the incorporation of sulfate into cartilage, but rather acted through a serum factor, termed 'sulfation factor,' which later became known as 'somatomedin' (Daughaday et al., 1972). Three main somatomedins have been characterized: somatomedin C (IGF1), somatomedin A (IGF2; MIM 147470), and somatomedin B (MIM 193190) (Rotwein, 1986; Rosenfeld, 2003).

CD44 is a cell-surface glycoprotein that plays a role in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. CD44 is a receptor for hyaluronic acid and also interacts with other ligands, such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases. CD44 participates in a wide variety of cellular functions such as lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis. CD44 and CD49d are putative activity markers and CD44 a potential novel therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. Increased CD44 antigen is associated with relapses in non-small cell lung cancers.