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Proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 (ADRM1) functions as a proteasomal ubiquitin receptor. ADRM1 is an integral plasma membrane protein which promotes cell adhesion. ADRM1 is assumed to undergo O-linked glycosylation. ADRM1 employs the deubiquitinating enzyme UCHL5 at the 26S proteasome and promotes its activity.

SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor. The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.

Methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (SEPX1 or MSRB1), is a selenoprotein that contains a selenocysteine (Sec) residue at its active site. The selenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon that usually signals translation termination. SEPX1 is a member of the methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB) family, and is expressed in an assortment of adult and fetal tissues. MSRs (Methionine sulfoxide reductases) catalyze the reduction of free and protein-bound methionine sulfoxides to corresponding methionines. The oxidation of methionine by ROS creates a diastereomeric mixture of methionine-S-sulfoxide (Met-S-SO) and methionine-R-sulfoxide (Met-R-SO). Two separate enzyme families evolved for reduction of these sulfoxides, with methionine-S-sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) being stereospecific for Met-S-SO and methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase (MsrB) for Met-R-SO.

DnaJ (Hsp40) Homolog, Subfamily C, Member 12 (DNAJC12) belongs to the DnaJ/Hsp40 family. DnaJ/Hsp40 family members are linked with complex assembly, protein folding, and export. DnaJ/Hsp40 proteins are extremely conserved throughout evolution and function as co-chaperones regulating protein folding, transport, translational initiation and gene expression. DnaJC12 has a role in protein folding and export and is believed to be involved in estrogen control and the development of breast cancer. DNAJC12 is expressed at high levels in the brain, heart, and testis, and at reduced levels in the kidney and stomach.

HSPB7 is part of the Heat shock protein beta family. The HSPB family is one of the more diverse families within the group of HSP families. Several members have chaperone-like activities and/or participate in cytoskeletal stabilization. Several members also show a dynamic, stress-induced translocation to SC35 splicing speckles. HSPB7 constitutively localized to SC35 splicing speckles, determined by its N-terminus. HSPB7 does not support refolding though HSPB1 and HSPB5 chaperone heat unfolded substrates and keet them folding competent.

Ectodysplasin A Receptor, also known as EDAR belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. EDAR is a receptor for the soluble ligand ectodysplasin A, and is capable of activating the nuclear factor-kappaB, JNK, as well as caspase-independent cell death pathways. EDAR is necessary for the development of hair, teeth, and other ectodermal derivatives. Furthermore, mutations in EDAR resulted in autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

EIF1AY is comparable to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A (EIF1A). EIF1AY protein is essential for highest rate of protein biosynthesis. EIF1AY increases ribosome dissociation into subunits and is obligatory for the binding of the 43S complex (a 40S subunit, eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAi and eIF3) to the 5' end of capped RNA.

BRCA2 And CDKN1A Interacting Protein (BCCIP) is a nuclear protein with multiple interacting domains which remained conserved throughout the evolution. BCCIP is an important cofactor for BRCA2 in tumor suppression, and a modulator of CDK2 kinase activity via p21. BCCIP takes also part in the regulation of BRCA2 and RAD51 nuclear focus formation, doublestrand break-induced homologous recombination, and cell cycle progression.

EPO a is a member of the EPO/TPO family and encodes a secreted, glycosylated cytokine composed of four alpha helical bundles. EPO a is found in the plasma and regulates red cell production by promoting erythroid differentiation and initiating hemoglobin synthesis. EPO a also has neuroprotective activity against a variety of potential brain injuries and antiapoptotic functions in several tissue types.

EXOSC10 is a nucleolar protein and represents one crucial component of the so-called "PM/Scl complex" or "nuclear exosome", which is an RNA-processing complex consisting of a number of exoribonucleases (not to be confused with certain multivesicular bodies which are shed by cultured cells into the culture fluid and are also called exosomes).
Autoantibodies against EXOSC10 occur in patients suffering from polymyositis, scleroderma or polymyositis/scleroderma overlap syndromes. While antibodies to other components of the exosome complex (PM/Scl 75, several Rrp proteins) can be found in some sera, practically all patients with autoantibodies against the PM/Scl complex are positive for EXOSC10 antibodies, making this specificity an important marker. The presence of EXOSC10 autoantibodies is a comparatively "good" prognostic sign in polymyositis/scleroderma overlap syndrome unlike the poor prognosis seen when other myositis and systemic sclerosis specific autoantibodies are present.

Prohibitin (PHB) is an evolutionarily conserved gene that is ubiquitously expressed and which Mutations have been linked to sporadic breast cancer. PHB is thought to be a negative regulator of cell proliferation and may be a tumor suppressor. Prohibitin is expressed as two transcripts with changeable lengths of 3' untranslated region. The longer transcript is present at higher levels in proliferating tissues and cells, proposing that this longer 3' untranslated region functions as a trans-acting regulatory RNA.

Platelet glycoprotein IV, also known as CD36 is an integral membrane glycoprotein which has multiple physiological functions. CD36 is broadly expressed on a wide array of cell types. CD36 is part of the scavenger receptor family and acts as a multiligand pattern recognition receptor which interacts with a large number of structurally dissimilar ligands. Furthermore, CD36 participates in lipid metabolism and has been known as a fatty acid translocase which is required for the binding as well as transport of LCFA in cells & tissues. CD36 also takes a major part in the initiation as well as pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and atherosclerosis. CD36 is an integral membrane protein which mainly functions as a receptor for thrombospondin & collagen. CD36 directly mediates the cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes.

PSME2 is an IFN-gamma inducible proteasome activator essential for production of several key histocompatibility (MHC) class I antigens. Downregulation of PSME2 causes unusual proteasome activation and is connected to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH) in animal models.

VAMP4 belongs to the synaptobrevin family who are involved in docking and/or fusion of vesicles with cell membrane. VAMP4 is enriched in the trans-Golgi network and may be a factor in the trans-Golgi network-to-endosome transport. VAMP4 is involved in the pathway which functions to eliminate an inhibitor (most likely synaptotagmin-4) of calcium-triggered exocytosis during the maturation of secretory granules. Synaptobrevins, syntaxins, and SNAP25 are the chief components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.

Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) belongs to the Ena-VASP protein family. VASP is linked with filamentous actin formation and likely plays a widespread role in cell adhesion and motility. In addition, VASP may be involved in the intracellular signaling pathways which regulate integrin-extracellular matrix interactions.

Endothelial cells express three different vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, belonging to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). They are named VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1), VEGFR-3 (Flt-4). Their expression is almost exclusively restricted to endothelial cells, but VEGFR-1 can also be found on monocytes. All VEGF-receptors have seven immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains, a single transmembrane region and an intracellular split tyrosine kinase domain. VEGFR-2 has a lower affinity for VEGF than the Flt-1 receptor, but a higher signaling activity. Mitogenic activity in endothelial cells is mainly mediated by VEGFR-2 leading to their proliferation.
Differential splicing of the flt-1 gene leads to the formation of a secreted, soluble variant of VEGFR-1 (sVEGFR-1). No naturally occuring, secreted forms of VEGFR-2 have so far been reported. The binding of VEGF165 to VEGFR-2 is dependent on heparin.

HAUS augmin-like complex subunit 1 (HAUS1) is 1 of 8 subunits of the 390kDa human augmin complex/ HAUS complex. The augmin complex is a microtubule-binding complex required in microtubule generation within the mitotic spindle and is imperative to mitotic spindle compilation. HAUS1 contributes to mitotic spindle assembly, maintenance of centrosome integrity and completion of cytokinesis as part of the HAUS augmin-like complex. HAUS1 is broadly expressed, especially in the pancreas, kidney, skeletal muscle, liver and heart. However it is weakly expressed in the lung, brain and placenta. HAUS1-depleted cells hold functional cell cycle checkpoints, but the depletion reduces the G2/M cell cycle compartment and stimulates apoptosis. The HAUS1 protein level remains constant through the cell cycle.

RAET1L plays a role as a stress-induced ligand for NKG2D receptor. Retinoic Acid Early Transcript 1L (RAET1L) is linked to the cell membrane by the GPI anchor. HCMV infection triggers RAET1L’sexpression but HCMV alters its function. HCMV-encoded UL16 glycoprotein retains RAET1L/ULBP6 inside the cells, preventing it from reaching the cell surface and being exposed to cells of the immune system. RAET1L has a more restricted expression profile in cell lines and primary human tissues than other NKG2D ligands.

The acute phase plasma protein ORM1 synthesized by the liver mediates the interaction between blood cells and endothelial cells. In addition, together with haptoglobin and C reactive protein, ORM1 regulates the extravasation of the cells through infection and inflammation. Expression of ORM1 is induced by acute-phase stimulatory mediators such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

C1q is the first component of the classical pathway of complement activation. C1q along with the enzymatically active components C1r and C1s forms the C1 complex. When C1 binds to immunoglobulins in the form of immune complexes, it leads to activation of C1r and C1s proteases and a further activates the classical pathway of complement. C1q is a glycoprotein that belongs to the collectin family, having a molecular weight of about 410-462 kDa. C1q is a hexamer composed of globular heads attached to collagen-like triple-helix tails. The globular heads of C1q exclusively bind to the CH2 domain of IgG molecules or the CH3 domain of IgM. Each heavy chain of the immunoglobulin molecule contains a single binding site for C1q. Given that C1q must bind to no less than two heavy chains in order to alter its conformation and activate C1r and C1s, its activation follows only after binding to immunoglobulins in the form of immune complexes bound to multivalent antigens. C1q’s main physiological role is in the clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic bodies from the organism. Interruption of this process may lead to development of autoimmunity. Individuals with genetic deficiencies of C1q or other components of the classical pathway are at risk to develop SLE. C1q specifically binds to apoptotic bodies of human keratinocytes, vascular endothelial cells and lymphocytes. Complement components C1q and bound C3 mediate the clearance of apoptotic bodies. Hence, C1q may advance the clearance of autoantigens, avoiding stimulation of the immune system. Nonetheless, an extended exposition of the immune system to the neoepitope exposed on C1q molecules bound to immune complexes or apoptotic bodies could ultimately lead to an autoimmune response against C1q itself and to an altered complement function. C1q deficiency may also lead to disruption of the negative selection of autoreactive B cells. C1q along with other specific recognition proteins bind to the highly conserved lupus antigens (dsDNA and nuclear proteins) and activate the complement system. Autoantibodies against C1q (anti-C1q) are found in a number of autoimmune and infectious diseases like glomerulonephritis (GN) and lupus erythematosus (SLE), these antibodies are significant in clinical practice due to their negative predictive value.

TARC cDNA encodes a 94 amino acid precursor protein with a 23 amino acid residue signal peptide that is cleaved off to generate the 71 amino acid residue mature secreted protein. Along with CC chemokine family members, CCL-17 has approximately 24-29% amino acid sequence identity with RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3 and I-309. TARC is expressed in thymus, and at a lower level in the lung, colon, and small intestine. TARC is in addition transiently expressed in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Recombinant TARC has been shown to be chemotactic for T cell lines but not monocytes or neutrophils. CCL-17 is a specific functional ligand for CCR4, a receptor that is selectively expressed on T cells. CCL17 is one of a few Cys-Cys (CC) cytokine genes clustered on the q arm of chromosome 16. CCL17 shows chemotactic activity for T lymphocytes, but not monocytes or granulocytes. CCL17 binds to chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8. This chemokine plays important roles in T cell development in thymus as well as in trafficking and activation of mature T cells.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.