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D-gluconate kinase or idnk is a thermosensitive protein, consists of 187 a.a and part of the gluconokinase gntK/gntV protein family. Idnk enhances the conversion of ATP + D-gluconate => ADP + 6-phospho-D-gluconate. Idnk has a crucial part in determination of gender, removal of a certain portion of 9p may result in the making of male to female (reversal of sex), that leads to a female that has the genotype of male X, Y.

Ketohexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to produce fructose-1-phosphate, resulting in the utilization of ATP and creation of AMP. Ketohexokinase commences initial step in the metabolism of dietary fructose and is a significant regulator of hepatic glucose metabolism. Ketohexokinase is found in liver, renal cortex, and small intestine. Its deficiency causes the benign hereditary metabolic disorder essential fructosuria, leading to fructose being excreted in the urine. Ketohexokinase-dependent metabolism of fructose induces proinflammatory mediators in proximal tubular cells. ketohexokinase plays an unknown physiologic function that remains intact in essential fructosuria. Ketohexokinase expression is reduceed in human clear cell type of renal cell carcinoma.

Monoamine Oxidase A, also known as MAOA catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic as well as xenobiotic amines and has significant functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system as well as peripheral tissues. Mutation in MAOA results in Brunner syndrome; in addition MAOA has also been linked with a diversity of other psychiatric disorders, which includes antisocial behavior. MAOA preferentially oxidizes biogenic amines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).

GSTT1 belongs to a superfamily of proteins which catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a variety of electrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. GSTT1 is one of the GSTs’ four main classes: alpha, mu, pi and theta (which includes GSTT1 and GSTT2). GSTT1 is involved in activation and detoxification reactions and catalyzes the conjugation of industrial chemicals, such as epoxybutane, ethylene oxides, halomethane with glutathione. GSTT1 is found in erythrocytes, at low levels in the liver as well as in Clara and ciliated cells at the alveolar/bronchiolar junction in the lung.
The GSTT1 gene is deficient in 38% of the population. The GSTTI enzyme deficiency might influence the individual risk for development of acquired aplastic anemia and acute myeloid leukemia. The presence or absence of the GSTT1 gene is concurrent with GSST1+ (the conjugator) and GSTT1- (the non-conjugator) phenotypes correspondingly. The GSTT1+ phenotype is able to catalyze the glutathione conjugation of dichloromethane. GSTT1-null genotypes are seen as having a higher risk of developing leukoplakia. Germline genetic polymorphism in GSTT1 is linked to breast cancer.

Alpha 1 ACT is an early-stage acute-phase plasma protein and a serpin that preferentially inactivates chymotrypsin, cathepsin G, and chymase. Alpha-1- ACT, a serine protease inhibitor, is tightly associated with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in normal aged human and monkey brain.
Regulation of the serine proteases and serine protease inhibitors plays an important role in neuromuscular differentiation. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), a chymotrypsin-like serine protease, is predominantly complexed to Alpha-1-ACT.

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1B (FKBP1B) belongs to the immunophilin protein family which has a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. FKBP1B is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase which binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP1B is extremely similar to the FK506-binding protein 1A. The physiological role of FKBP1B is thought to be in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle.

UBE2D2 belongs to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBE2D2 takes part in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53, which is induced by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. UBE2D2 catalyzes ubiquitination of IkB-alpha in a SCFB-TRCP and phosphorylation dependent method.

Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2), belongs to the CCR4/nocturin family of divalent cation-dependent phosphodiesterases.TDP2 associates with CD40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-75 and TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs), and inhibits nuclear factor-kappa-B activation. TDP2 is characterized by similar sequence and structure as APE1 endonuclease, which participates in DNA repair and the activation of transcription factors.

ALDH2 is part of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins which catalyze the chemical transformation from acetaldehyde to acetic acid. ALDH2 is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. ALDH2 has 2 major liver isoforms: cytosolic and mitochondrial, which differ by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. Nearly all Caucasians have 2 major isozymes, whereas roughly 50% of Orientals have only the cytosolic isozyme, omitting the mitochondrial isozyme. The extremely higher rate of acute alcohol intoxication with Orientals compared to Caucasians is due to the fact of the absence of mitochondrial isozyme. ALDH2 has a low Km for acetaldehydes, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix.

Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 belongs to a gene family whose products hydrolyze small C-terminal adducts of ubiquitin to produce the ubiquitin monomer. UCHL3 takes part in the regulation of neuronal development and spermatogenesis and is associated to neurodegenerative diseases. UCHL3 has a 54% homology to UCHL1.

GAMT is a methyltransferase that transfers guanidoacetate to creatine, using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. Defects GAMT gene result in neurologic syndromes and muscular hypotonia, probably due to creatine deficiency and accumulation of guanidinoacetate in the brain of affected individuals. GAMT take parts in the two-step synthesis of creatine from the protein building blocks glycine, arginine, and methionine. GAMT takes part in supplying the energy for muscle contraction, and is in addition a significant player in nervous system functioning. GAMT is active in the liver, pancreas, and kidne.

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), also recognized as ADAT2 is an enzyme that takes part in purine metabolism. ADAT2 is necessary for the breakdown of adenosine from food and for the turnover of nucleic acids in tissues. ADAT2 is involved in the deamination of adenosine-34 to inosine in numerous tRNAs. ADAT2 is part of the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase protein family, ADAT2 employs zinc as a cofactor. ADAT2 is a 191 amino acid enzyme that exists as two isoforms formed by alternative splicing events.

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B is the founding member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family, which was isolated and identified based on its enzymatic activity and amino acid sequence. PTPs catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphate monoesters specifically on tyrosine residues. Members of the PTP family share a highly conserved catalytic motif, which is essential for the catalytic activity. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP has been shown to act as a negative regulator of INS signaling by dephosphorylating the phosphotryosine residues of INS receptor kinase. This PTP was also reported to dephosphorylate epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, as well as JAK2 and TYK2 kinases, which implicated the role of this PTP in cell growth control, and cell response to IFN stimulation.

The recombinant Protein A/G is a genetically engineered protein comprised of 7 IgG-binding domains EDABC-C1C3, corresponding to the Protein A and G domains which are included in the recombinant sequence. The Protein A part is from Staphylococcus aureus segments E, D, A, B and C. The Protein G part is from Streptococcus segments C1 and C3. The recombinant Protein A/G has a broader binding capacity than either Protein A or Protein G alone. The recombinant Protein A/G is ideal for purification of monoclonal or polyclonal IgG antibodies. Protein A/G binds to various human, mouse and rat IgG subclasses such as the human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4; mouse IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and rat IgG2a, IgG2c. In addition, Protein A/G binds to total IgG from cow, goat, sheep, horse, rabbit, guinea pig, pig, dog and cat.

UBE2N belongs to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBE2N catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of non-canonical polyubiquitin chains, a process which doesn’t set in motion proteasomal degradation. UBE2N mediates the transcription of some target genes and is believed to have a role in cell cycle progression; cellular differentiation and DNA repair mechanisms which ensure cell survival after DNA damage.

Histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) is a member of the class 1 of the histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family. HDAC8 is biologically involved in skull morphogenesis and metabolic control of the ERR-alpha/PGC1-alpha transcriptional complex. Histones play a key role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation modifies chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA.

Cathepsin D is synthesized as a 54kDa precursor, which is proteolytically processed to an intermediate 48kDa single chain, which matures into more stable 34kDa and 14kDa two chain form. It is an estrogen-regulated lysosomal protease that has been suggested to facilitate cancer cell migration and invasion by digesting the basement membrane, extracellular matrix, and xonnective tissue. Because of its mitogenic and proteolytic activities, it has been implicated as a prognostic marker in many tumor types. Cathepsin D is expressed in epithelial cells as well as in macrophages.

Urinary-Trypsin Inhibitor is a glucoprotein proteinase inhibitor which inhibits the activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lactate, lipase, hyaluronidase and various pancreatic enzymes. Ulinastatin is effective for acute pancreatitis, chronic recurrent pancreatitis and hemorrhagic, traumatic and endotoxic shocks. Ulinastatin is has strong inhibition effect to various protease, sugar and fat hydrolase. Ulinastatin precursor is proteolytically processed into distinct functioning proteins. Urinary trypsin inhibitor belongs to the superfamily of Kunitz-type protease inhibitors and plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. Uristatin gene is located on chromosome 9 in a cluster of lipocalin genes.
High levels of Ulinastatin secretion is an early marker of renal tubular involvement and has radical scavenging activity. Bikunin localizes cell membrane.
Free uristatin and bikunin pass readily into urine and are primarily bound to heavy chains that constitute the proinhibitor form in plasma. UTI has a calculated Mw of approx. 20kDa and 40kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis.
Ulinastatin particularly interacts with ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus and in charge for enhancing alpha microglobulin export from the hepatocyte.

Cathepsin-Z (CTSZ) is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase and member of the peptidase C1 family. CTSZ, which has been also known as cathepsin X and cathepsin P, exhibits carboxy-monopeptidase and carboxy-dipeptidase activities. CTSZ is expressed ubiquitously in cancer cell lines and primary tumors and, similar to other members of this family, takes part in tumorigenesis.

Group IB secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IB) mediates cell proliferation, cell migration, hormone release and eicosanoid production via its receptor in peripheral tissues. In the CNS, high-affinity binding sites of sPLA2-IB have been documented. sPLA2-IB induced neuronal cell death in a concentrationdependent manner depending on PGD2 metabolites, especially Delta12-PGJ2 that might mediate sPLA2-IB-induced apoptosis. The secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) family, in which 10 isozymes have been identified, consists of lowmolecular weight, Ca2+-requiring secretory enzymes that have been implicated in a number of biological processes, such as modification of eicosanoid generation, inflammation, and host defense.

Alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a member of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family, key enzymes of protein biosynthesis which charge tRNA molecules with the respective amino acids. This 108 kDa protein is an autoantigen recognized by PL-12 antibodies which occur in a subset of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Preliminary data suggest that epitope spreading occurs in the autoimmune PL-12 response such that even antibodies to an isolated alanyl-tRNA molecule can develop.

Sulfite oxidase, also known as SUOX is a homodimeric protein localized to the intermembrane space of mitochondria. Each subunit includes a heme domain as well as a molybdopterin-binding domain. The SUOX enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the last reaction in the oxidative degradation of the sulfur amino acids cysteine and methionine. In addition, the deficiency of SUOX results in neurological abnormalities which are often fatal at an early age.

Mitochondrial methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (AUH) is involved in the amino acid degradation pathway by catalyzing the conversion of 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA and water. AUH Human is expressed as a single mRNA species of 1.8 kb, and translated as a 40kDa precursor protein which is consequently processed to a 32kDa mature form. AUH has a very low enoyl-CoA hydratase activity. The AUH protein binds to the AU-rich element (ARE), which is a common element found in the 3' UTR of rapidly decaying mRNA such as c-fos, c-myc and granulocyte/ macrophage colony stimulating factor. AU-rich elements are involved in directing RNA to rapid degradation and deadenylation. In addition, AUH is homologous to enol-CoA hydratase, which is an enzyme involved in fatty acid degradation, and has been shown to have intrinsic hydratase enzymatic activity. AUH is therefore a bifunctional chimera between RNA binding and metabolic enzyme activity.