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Tripartite Motif Containing 33 (TRIM33) belongs to the tripartite motif family. This motif includes 3 zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. TRIM33 is assumed to be a transcriptional corepressor. TRIM33 functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. TRIM33 also promotes SMAD4 ubiquitination, nuclear exclusion and degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. In addition, TRIM33 inhibits the transcriptional response to TGF-beta/BMP signaling cascade. Furthermore, TRIM33 has a role in the control of cell proliferation.

CHGB is a neuroendocrine secretory granule protein, that is the precursor for other biologically active peptides. CHGB is part of the chromogranin/secretogranin protein family and is expressed in the adrenal medulla, and in pheochromocytoma.

Lin7A is a member of the lin-7 family. Lin7A is comprised of one L27 domain and one PDZ (DHR) domain. Lin7A plays a part in launching and maintaining the asymmetric distribution of channels and receptors at the plasma membrane of polarized cells. Lin7A is expressed in the brain, testis, kidney, placenta and liver.

PTX3 is part of the pentraxin family sharing the C-terminal domain with short pentraxins and containing a unique N-terminal domain. PTX3 is produced and released at inflammatory sites by various cell types including monocytes/macrophages, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and adipocytes. PTX3 is involved in the regulation of innate resistance to pathogens, inflammatory reactions, possibly clearance of self-components and female fertility. PTX3 is used as a marker for disease activity of psoriasis. High serum PTX3 levels are associated with the disease severity of systemic sclerosis. Elevated serum PTX3 is associated with pulmonary fungal infections.

Mediator of ErbB2-driven cell motility 1 (MEMO1) is a member of the UPF0103 family. MEMO1 regulates cell migration by transmitting extracellular chemotactic signals to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Furthermore, MEMO1 controls the localization of APC and CLASP2 to the cell membrane, using the regulation of GSK3B activity. MEMO1 is essential for breast carcinoma cell migration, suggesting a key role in tumorigenesis. MEMO1 is also a mediator of ERBB2 signaling.

Angiogenin (ANG) is a part of the RNase A family. ANG is an extremely effective mediator of new blood vessel formation. ANG Cleaves tRNA within anticodon loops in order to produce tRNA-derived stress-induced fragments (tiRNAs) that inhibit protein synthesis and trigger the assembly of stress granules. ANG is also stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis. The interaction with RNH1 in vivo regulates the Angiogenic activity.

Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3 also known as NCR3 is a natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) which assists NK cells in the lysis of tumor cells. Moreover, NCR3 interacts with CD3-zeta (CD247), a T-cell receptor. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region of NCR3 has been related with mild malaria suceptibility. Three transcript variants encoding various isoforms have been found for this gene.

Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 39, also known as ARHGEF39, is a protein coding gene which owns one DH (DBL-homology) domain and one PH domain. ARHGEF39 encourages cell proliferation.

Asialoglycoprotein Receptor 2 (ASGR2) is a hetero-oligomeric protein comprised of major and minor subunits, encoded by different genes. ASGR2 is a subunit of the asialoglycoprotein receptor; it is the less abundant minor subunit. The ASGR2 receptor is a transmembrane protein, which has a crucial role in serum glycoprotein homeostasis by mediating the endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of glycoproteins with exposed terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine residues.

SNTN is a member of to the S-100 family. SNTN is localized solely to the bridging structure between the cell membrane and peripheral singlet microtubules that specifically exists in the narrowed distal portion of cilia. Exogenously expressed sentan displayed affinity for the membrane protrusions, and a protein-lipid binding assay discovered that sentan bounds to phosphatidylserine which indicate that sentan is the leading molecular component of the ciliary tip to link the cell membrane and peripheral singlet microtubules, making the distal portion of the cilia narrow and stiff to permit better airway approval or ovum transport.

Interleukin 13 Receptor, Alpha 2 (IL13RA2) is a member of the type I cytokine receptor family, Type 5 subfamily. IL13RA2 is related to l13RA1, a subunit of the interleukin 13 receptor complex. IL13RA2 binds IL13 with high affinity, though lacking the cytoplasmic domain, and does not appear to function as a signal mediator. IL13RA2 plays a role in the internalization of IL13.

TIE-1 (tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains 1) and TIE-2/Tek comprise a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) subfamily with unique structural characteristics: two immunoglobulin-like domains flanking three epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains and followed by three fibronectin type III-like repeats in the extracellular region and a split tyrosine kinase domain in the cytoplasmic region. These receptors are expressed primarily on endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cells and play critical roles in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. Human TIE-1 cDNA encodes a 1122 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with an 18 residue putative signal peptide, a 726 residue extracellular domain and a 353 residue cytoplasmic domain. Two ligands, angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), which bind TIE-2 with high-affinity have been identified. Ang2 has been reported to act as an antagonist for Ang1. Mice engineered to overexpress Ang2 or to lack Ang1 or Tie-1 display similar angiogenic defects.

CCL3L1 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokines. The CCL3L1 gene is one of several cytokine genes clustered on the q-arm of chromosome 17. CCL3L1 is involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. CCL3L1 binds to several chemokine receptors including CCBP2 and CCR5. CCR5 is a co-receptor for HIV, and binding of the CCL3L1 protein to CCR5 inhibits HIV entry.

Leucine Rich Repeat And Ig Domain Containing 1, also known as Lingo1 is primarily expressed in neuronal tissue, and most abundantly in the cortex. In addition, Lingo 1 is involved in the inhibition of axon regeneration all the way through a ternary complex formed with NgR1 (ligand-binding subunit) and p75 (signal transducing subunit). The inhibitory action is accomplished through RhoA-GTP upregulation in response to the presence of MOG, MAG or Nogo-66 in the central nervous system. Furthermore, LINGO-1 inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation as well as myelination, by a mechanism which also involves activation of RhoA, however it appears that it does not require 75 or NgR1.

LRG1 belongs to the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family of proteins, which have been shown to be involved in protein-protein interaction, signal transduction, cell adhesion and development. The LRG1 is expressed during granulocyte differentiation.

Cellular Repressor of E1A-Stimulated Genes 1 (CREG1) both activates and inhibits gene expression to stimulate cellular proliferation and hinder differentiation. CREG1 antagonizes transcriptional activation and cellular transformation by E1A. CREG1 shares partial sequence similarity with E1A and binds both the general transcription factor TBP and the tumor suppressor pRb in vitro. CREG1 contributes to the transcriptional control of cell growth and differentiation.

Treponema pallidum is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium and is considered to be metabolically crippled. There are at least four known subspecies: T. pallidum pallidum, T. pallidum pertenue, T. pallidum carateum and T. pallidum endemicum. The helical structure of T. pallidum pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through viscous mediums such as mucus. Treponema pallidum sub sp. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs (Mb) and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL7) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is a protein that is released in large amounts from platelets following their activation. It stimulates various processes including mitogenesis, synthesis of extracellular matrix, glucose metabolism and synthesis of plasminogen activator.

AGXT is expressed only in the liver and its protein is localized mostly in the peroxisomes, where it is involved in glyoxylate detoxification. Mutations in the AGXT gene, some of which alter subcellular targetting, have been linked to type I primary hyperoxaluria.

Alpha 1 ACT is an early-stage acute-phase plasma protein and a serpin that preferentially inactivates chymotrypsin, cathepsin G, and chymase. Alpha-1- ACT, a serine protease inhibitor, is tightly associated with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in normal aged human and monkey brain.
Regulation of the serine proteases and serine protease inhibitors plays an important role in neuromuscular differentiation. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), a chymotrypsin-like serine protease, is predominantly complexed to Alpha-1-ACT.

Podoplanin is a small mucin-like type-1 transmembrane protein, typically expressed in various specialized cell types throughout the body. Podoplanin is a type-I integral membrane glycoprotein with diverse distribution in human tissues. PDPN physiological function is related to its mucin-type character. The homologous protein in other species has been described as a differentiation antigen and influenza-virus receptor.
PDPN is expressed in lymphatic progenitor cells and afterwards during mouse development in lymphatic endothelial cells. Podoplanin is a specific marker for lymph vessel endothelial cells. Over-expression of podoplanin significantly elevates endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and tube formation. Inhibition of Podoplanin expression decreases cell adhesion in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells. Podoplanin is used as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium in histopathology.
Podoplanin expression is increased in nearly all human colon, rectum, and small intestine tumors. AGGRUS may serve as a diagnostic marker that distinguishes seminomas, the majority of which over express the protein, from embryonal carcinoma in testicular germ cell tumors.

CD28 co-stimulation is necessary for CD4 positive T-cell proliferation & survival, interleukin-2 production, and T-helper type-2 development. Human post-thymic regulatory T cells require CD28 co-stimulation to expand and maintain potent suppressive function in vivo. Apoptosis plays a key role in the age-related decline of CD28 expression and in immunosenescence.

Synaptotagmin-4 (SYT4) is a part of the synaptotagmin proteins family. Synaptotagmins are a large gene family of synaptic vesicle type III integral membrane proteins that operate as regulators of both exocytosis and endocytosis and are involved in neurotransmitter secretion from small secretory vesicles. SYT4 is expressed in neuronal tissues, and has the highest mRNA levels in the hippocampus. The proximity of the SYT4 gene to markers of several psychiatric disorders implies an involvement of SYT4 in human disease such as pheochromocytoma, and parkinson's disease.