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Recombinant Mouse Sonic Hedgehog is part of a small group of secreted proteins that are vital for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. 3 mammalian hedgehog genes (sonic, desert, Indian) share about 60% homology. The Mouse Sonic Hedgehog is 99% homologous to the human gene. Sonic HedgeHog is a protein that is vital in guding the early embryo. It has been associated as the major inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Sonic HedgeHog binds to the patched receptor, which functions in association with smoothened, to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of sonic HedgeHog, patched receptor represses the constitutive signaling activity of smoothened. Sonic HedgeHog also regulates another factor, the gli oncogene. Sonic HedgeHog intercellular signal is essential for a various patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Sonic HedgeHog exhibits both floor plate- and motor neuron-inducing activity. Mutations in a long-range Sonic HedgeHog enhancer located in an intron of the limb region 1 gene result in preaxial polydactyly.

Dsb proteins (DsbA, DsbB, DsbC, and DsbD) catalyze formation and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. DsbC is periplasmic enzyme known as a disulfide isomerase and can convert aberrant disulfide bonds to correct ones.

Fibrinogen Beta Chain 9 (FGB) is the beta component of fibrinogen, a blood-borne glycoprotein composed of 3 pairs of nonidentical polypeptide chains. When vascular injury accrues, fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin which is found in abundance in blood clots.

NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 catalytic subunit (UBA3) is the catalytic subunit of the dimeric UBA3-NAE1 E1 enzyme, which belongs to the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme family. E1 activates NEDD8 by initially adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, afterwards linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, generating a NEDD8-UBA3 thioester and free AMP. E1 at last transfers NEDD8 to the catalytic cysteine of UBE2M. The UBA3 enzyme connects with AppBp1, an amyloid beta precursor protein binding protein, to form a heterodimer, and at that point the enzyme complex activates NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein, which controls cell division, signaling and embryogenesis.

Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 (GSTM2) belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. GSTM2 is a glutathione S-transferase that belongs to the mu class. There are 8 families of GST proteins, specifically: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta, each of which is composed of proteins that have various functions throughout the cell. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are structured in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and are proven to be highly polymorphic. These genetic variants can change an individual''s susceptibility to carcinogens and toxins as well as have an effect on the toxicity and efficacy of several drugs.

SERPINA1 is secreted and is a serine protease inhibitor which its targets include elastase, plasmin, collagenase, leucocytic proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and plasminogen activator. Defects in SERPINA1 gene can cause emphysema or liver disease. SERPINA1 is an endogenous inhibitor of serine proteases and inhibits the catalytic domain of human recombinant matriptase in vitro. Rise in SERPINA1 occurs as an acute phase response to tissue necrosis and inflammation. mutations in SERPINA1 and SLC11A1 genes change the balance between elastase produced by leukocytes during phagocytosis.

Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. HGF synergizes with Interleukin-3 and GM-CSF to stimulate colony formation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro and may, therefore, also modulate hematopoiesis. HGF is secreted as a single inactive polypeptide which is cleaved by serine proteases into a 69kDa Alpha chain and 34kDa Beta chain. A disulfide bond linking the alpha and beta chains produces the active heterodimeric molecule.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens. IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type interferons.

Borrelia is a part of the genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Borrelia causes borreliosis, which is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted mostly by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species. Of the 36 known species of Borrelia, 12 are distinguished to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The Gram-negative bacterium Borreliella spielmanii is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. DbpA, also known as p17 or Osp17, is a heterogeneous protein among the human pathogenic B. burgdorferi sensu lato species.

Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1G) belongs to a large family of carboxylesterases that are liable for the hydrolysis of ester and amide bonds. CES1G is also participates in the detoxification of xenobiotics prodrugs. CES1G shares the serine hydrolase fold observed in other esterases. CES1G found in rats and mice and is expressed mainly in liver, but also in kidney and lung.

Glutathione S-transferase, also known as GST, is an antioxidant enzyme. It is the primary defense mechanism from reactive oxygen in the cell. The enzyme GST reduces hydroperoxides of lipids via a Se-independent glutathione peroxidase actions. GST detoxifies peroxidation of lipids bi-products, for example 4-hydroxynonenal.

Melanoma Antigen Family A 8, also known as MAGEA8 belongs to the MAGE gene family, which includes twelve known genes, of which six are expressed in tumors. Furthermore, the MAGE genes were at first isolated from different kinds of tumors, and according to their virtually exclusive tumor-specific expression in adult tissues, they have been used as targets for cancer immunotherapy.

HIF1A has a role as a master transcriptional monitor of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions HIF1A activates the transcription of over 40 genes, including, erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, and genes whose protein products increase oxygen release or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. HIF1A functions as an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease.

AHA1 is a cochaperone that stimulates hsp90 ATPase activity. AHSA1 binds the middle domain of Hsp90 (amino acid 272-627) and functions as an ATPase-activating protein that competes with p23 and other co-chaperones for Hsp90 binding.
AHA1 affects a step in the endoplasmic reticulum to golgi trafficking.

Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus, it is transmitted by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The Zika virus is related to the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Much like the other flaviviruses, Zika virus is enveloped and icosahedral and has a nonsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. Zika fever is an infection, which often causes no symptoms or only mild ones, like a mild form of dengue fever, and it is treated by rest. As of February 2016, there has been mounting evidence that Zika fever in pregnant women can cause abnormal brain development in their fetuses by mother-to-child transmission, which may result in miscarriage or microcephaly, however it is not yet known whether Zika virus causes microcephaly. Furthermore, a connection has been established with neurologic conditions in infected adults, including Guillain–Barre syndrome.

Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) is an enzyme which converts adenylosuccinate to AMP and fumarate as part of the purine nucleotide cycle. ADSL is involved in both de novo synthesis of purines and formation of adenosine monophosphate from inosine monophosphate. ADSL catalyzes 2 reactions in AMP biosynthesis: the removal of a fumarate from succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide (SAICA) ribotide to yield aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (AICA) and removal of fumarate from adenylosuccinate to yield AMP. Defects in the ADSL are the cause of adenylosuccinase deficiency (ADSL deficiency). ADSL deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder distinguished by the accumulation in the body fluids of succinylaminoimidazole-carboxamide riboside (SAICA-riboside) and succinyladenosine (S-Ado). Adenylosuccinase deficiency results in succinylpurinemic autism, psychomotor retardation, and in some cases, growth retardation associated with muscle wasting and epilepsy.

SSU72 is an extremely conserved homologue of yeast Ssu72, a CTD phosphatase and a component of the polyadenylation/termination machinery. SSU72 interacts with TFIIB, Rb and DNAM-1 and operates to catalyze the dephosphorylation of target proteins, and taking part in RNA processing and termination via dephosphorylation of Pol II. SSU72 is found in multiple alternatively spliced isoforms.

STAT1 is a member of the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcriptionfamily of transcription factors. STAT1 is involved in upregulating genes due to a signal by either type Ior type IIinterferons. In response to IFN-?stimulation, STAT1 forms homodimers or heterodimers with STAT3that bind to the GAS (Interferon-Gamma Activated Sequence) promoter element; in response to either IFN-? or IFN-?stimulation, STAT1 forms a heterodimer with STAT2that can bind the ISRE (Interferon Stimulated Response Element) promoter element. In either case, binding of the promoter element leads to an increased expression of ISG (Interferon Stimulated Genes).

TBCB is a member of the Microtubules family. Biosynthesis of functional microtubules include the involvement of a number of chaperones, termed Tubulin folding cofactors A (TBCA), B (TBCB), C (TBCC), D (TBCD) and E (TBCE), which operate on folding intermediates downstream of the cytosolic chaperon, known as TCP. The 244 amino acid cytoplasmic protein TBCB has one CAP-Gly domain and is universally expressed. TBCB takes part in the regulation of tubulin heterodimer dissociation and operates as a negative regulator of axonal growth.

Vps20-associated 1 homolog (VTA1) is a member of the VTA1 family. The VTA1 protein is involved in the endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVB) pathway. Furthermore, VTA1 is interacts with CHMP1B, CHMP2A, CHMP5, VPS4B, KIAA0174 (IST1) and possibly CHMP3. VTA1 is believed to be a cofactor of VPS4A/B, which catalyzes membrane-associated ESCRT-III assemblies. In addition, VTA1 is involved in the sorting and down-regulation of EGFR and also in HIV-1 budding.

HTLV-1 is the etiological agent for Adult T-Cell Leukemia which encodes a 40kDa cell-transforming oncoprotein called Tax. HTLV-1 Tax protein sensitizes cells to apoptotic cell death induced by DNA damaging agents. Constitutive Activation of TAK1 by HTLV-1 Tax-dependent Overexpression of TAB2 Induces Activation of JNK-ATF2 but Not IKK-NF-kB.

BDNF promotes the survival of neuronal populations that are all located either in the central nervous system or directly connected to it. BDNF is a major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the cns. The versatility of BDNF is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentiation (ltp), long-term depression (ltd), certain forms of short-term synaptic plasticity, as well as homeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability.

Treponema pallidum is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium and is considered to be metabolically crippled. There are at least four known subspecies: T. pallidum pallidum, T. pallidum pertenue, T. pallidum carateum and T. pallidum endemicum. The helical structure of T. pallidum pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through viscous mediums such as mucus. Treponema pallidum sub sp. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs (Mb) and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue.