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RGS2 belongs to the RGS family which are regulatory molecules that act as GTPase activating proteins for G alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. RGS2 inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits and as a result driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form.

GDNF promotes the survival and differentiation of neurons in culture, and is able to prevent apoptosis of motor neurons induced by axotomy. The encoded protein is processed to a mature secreted form that exists as a homodimer. The mature form of the protein is a ligand for the product of the RET (rearranged during transfection) protooncogene. In addition to the transcript encoding GDNF, two additional alternative transcripts encoding distinct proteins, referred to as astrocyte-derived trophic factors, have also been described. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Hirschsprung disease.
GDNF enhances survival and morphological differentiation of neurons and increases their high-affinity uptake.

Recombinant Human Ubiquitin having the accession number of P62988 was conjugated to Biotin. RPS27A is a small protein composed of 76 amino acids. RPS27A is found only in eukaryotic organisms among which shows strong sequence conservation. The RPS27A protein is present in all cell types, thus giving rise to its name.
RPS27A is found either in free form or conjugated to proteins through a covalent bond between the glycine at the C-terminal end and the side chains of lysine.
The connection of multiple copies of RPS27A targets the proteins for degradation by the 26S proteosome. RPS27A ligation is an ATP-dependent multi-step process. RPS27A is activated by the E1 enzyme. The attachment of RPS27A to the target protein is catalyzed by the E2 enzyme acting in concert with E3 which is involved in the recognition of the substrate protein.

Human Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. SOD1 binds copper and zinc ions and is 1 of 3 isozymes accountable for destroying free superoxide radicals in the body. The encoded protein neutralizes supercharged oxygen molecules, which can damage cells if their levels are not controlled. Mutations in SOD1 cause a form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Interleukin-1 alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by a wide variety of cell types, including macrophages, osteoblasts, monocytes and hepatocytes. Circulating levels of are normally low and only rise after stimulation by agents such as those produced byinflammation, infection or microbial endotoxins. IL-1 alpha possesses a wide variety of biological activities and exerts its effects by binding to specific cell surface receptors.

The transcription of heat-shock genes is rapidly induced after temperature stress in response to environmental changes, and it is also involved in oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and placental development. Hsp90, is a major repressor of HSF1 gene. HSF1 is known for its participation in heat shock response. HSF1 protein regulates the transcription of hundreds of targets, such as genes involved in protein folding, detoxification, energy generation, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell wall organization. HSF1 binds to MTA1 in vitro & in breast carcinoma. Suppression of estrogen-dependent transcription may contribute to role of HSF1 in cancer. Human cancer lines of diverse origins express higher dependence on HSF1 function to maintain proliferation and survival than their non-transformed counterparts. HSF1 induces anticoagulation and relaxation factors in vascular endothelial cells and could therefore be used to treat cardiovascular disease. HSF1 is directly involved in the regulation of HO1 havi

SGTA is a ubiquitously expressed protein that contains three TPR protein-protein interaction duplicates. SGTA takes part as a component of the androgen receptor (AR)-chaperone-cochaperone complex, functions as a cochaperone and participates in androgen signaling. SGTA binds directly to HSC70 and HSP70 and mediates their ATPase activity. SGTA gene encodes a protein that is able to interact with the chief nonstructural protein of parvovirus H-1 and 70-kDa heat shock cognate. In addition, SGTA interacts with Vpu and Gag from HIV-1, SARS-CoV accessory protein 7a, DNAJC5 and DNAJC5B. Since this transcript is expressed universally in several tissues, SGTA serves a housekeeping function. While being involved in apoptosis and androgen signaling, SGTA is a possible molecule for polycystic ovary syndrome, a disorder characterized by androgen excess, obesity and menstrual disturbances.

RAC2 is a small signaling G protein/GTPase which is part of the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins which regulate cell growth, actin cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation, survival, cell cycle progression, gene transcription rgulation and the activation of protein kinases. RAC2 cycles between an active gtp-bound and inactive gdp-bound state. In active state, RAC2 binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses, such as secretory processes, phagocytose of apoptotic cells and epithelial cell polarization. RAC2 is involved in the regulation of the nadph oxidase.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

Treponema pallidum is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium and is considered to be metabolically crippled. There are at least four known subspecies: T. pallidum pallidum, T. pallidum pertenue, T. pallidum carateum and T. pallidum endemicum. The helical structure of T. pallidum pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through viscous mediums such as mucus. Treponema pallidum sub sp. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs (Mb) and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue.

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase Beta-1 Isoform A or RPS6KB1 is type of serine/threonine kinas. The protein effects on the PIP3 and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 as part of the PI3 kinase pathway. Protein synthesis is induced by Phosphorylation of S6 in the ribosome. It was shown that phosphorylation of p70S6K at threonine 389 acts as mTOR activation indication and corresponded along with the inhibition of autophagy in different cases, nonetheless new studies has shown that the p70S6K activity has a constructive and increasing affect of autophagy.

Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 7 Member A3 or AKR7A3, is an enzyme, it is part of the detoxification of aldehydes and ketones process. AKR7A3 diminishes the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. The enzyme takes partin protection of liver from toxic and carcinogenic effects of AFB1, a potent hepatocarcinogen.

SORBS3 is an SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein. The existence of SH3 domains in the SORBS3 protein have a role in its capability to attach to other cytoplasmic molecules and contribute to cystoskeletal organization, cell adhesion and migration, signaling, and gene expression. Various transcript variants encoding different isoforms are known for this gene.

TSLP protein is a hemopoietic cytokine which signals throughout a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor & the Interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain. TSLP impacts myeloid cells thus induces the discharge of T cell-attracting chemokines from monocytes & increases the growth of CD11c(+) dendritic cells. TSLP is mainly expressed in the heart, liver and prostate. TSLP is related in its biological activities with IL-7 and binds with the heterodimeric receptor complex consisting of the Interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain & the TSLPR. Similar to IL-7, TSLP enhances phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5, though uses kinases excluding JAKs for its activation. TSLP induces the release of T cell-attracting chemokines such asTARC & MDC from monocytes & triggers CD11c(+) dendritic cells. TSLP activated dendritic cells primes naive T cells to manufacture pro-allergic cytokines such as Iinterleukin-4, Interleukin-5, Interleukin-13 and TNF-alpha whereas down-regulating Interleukin-10 and IFN-gamma play a role in the initiation of allergic inflammation.

Rho-related GTP-binding protein (RhoD) is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. The small GTPase Rho D promotes the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and cell surface and also regulates endosome motility and distribution.

Proteasome subunit alpha type-5 (PSMA5) is a member of the peptidase T1A family. The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is distinguished by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. Proteasomes are spread throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. PSMA5 interacts with PLK1. The PSMA5 peptidase has a very wide-ranging specificity for cleavage of peptide bonds.

Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted or RANTES is an 8 kDa protein classified as a chemotactic cytokine or chemokine. It has recently been renamed CCL5. RANTES is chemotactic for T cells, eosinophils and basophils and plays an active role in recruiting leukocytes into inflammatory sites. With the help of particular cytokines (i.e. IL-2 and IFN-?) that are released by T cells, RANTES also induces the proliferation and activation of certain natural killer (NK) cells to form CHAK (CC-Chemokine-activated killer) cells. It is also a HIV-suppressive factor released from CD8+ T cells. This chemokine has been localized to chromosome 17 in humans.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen, causing serious liver disease. The HBV surface protein antigens (HBsAg) are comprised of three carboxyl co terminal HBs proteins termed large (LHBs), middle (MHBs) and small (SHBs, also called major) protein. LHBs and MHBs also share the highly hydrophobic, repetitive, membrane spanning S domain. In addition, MHBs has a 55 amino acid region called preS2.

Antigen 85B Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-is the most abundant protein exposed by M. Tuberculosis, as well as a potent immunoprotective antigen and a leading drug target. Ag85 induces strong T-cell proliferation and IFN-g secretion in most healthy individuals exposed to M. tuberculosis, in BCG-vaccinated mice and humans, whereas the antibody against Ag85 are more prevalent in active tuberculosis patients with decreased cellular immune response.

S100A6 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. S100 proteins are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21.
S100A6 may function in stimulation of Ca2+-dependent insulin release, stimulation of prolactin secretion, and exocytosis. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of the S100A6 gene are implicated in melanoma.

DnaK, originally identified for its DNA replication by bacteriophage l in E. coli is the bacterial hsp70 chaperone. This protein is involved in the folding and assembly of newly synthesized polypeptide chains and in preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins. Dnak(residues 508-638) of the substrate binding domain is a-helical and appears to act as a lid covering the substrate binding cleft. DnaK(amino acid 508-638) was purified to apparent homogeneity by using conventional column chromatography techniques. Additional amino acid (Met) is attached at N- terminus.

TNFRSF14, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is a type I transmembrane protein. TNFRSF14 is expressed in peripheral blood T cells, B cells, monocytes and in various tissues enriched in lymphoid cells. TNFRSF14 operates as a co-stimulatory factor for the activation of lymphoid cells and as a deterrent to infection by herpesvirus. Additionally, TNFRSF14 encourages the proliferation of T cells, and triggers apoptosis of various tumor cells.

Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is a human, single-stranded RNA retrovirus that causes T-cell leukemia and T-cell lymphoma. The virus activates a subset of T-helper cellscalled Th1cells. The result is a proliferation of Th1 cells and overproduction of Th1 related cytokines (mainly IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha). Feedback mechanisms of these cytokines cause a suppression of the Th2 lymphocytes and a reduction of Th2 cytokine production (mainly IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13). The end result is a reduction in the ability of the infected host to mount an adequate immune response to invading organisms that require a predominantly Th2 dependant response (these include parasitic infections and production of mucosal and humoral antibodies).