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RCN1 is a calcium-binding protein which binds calcium and controls calcium-dependent activities in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen or post-ER compartment. RCN1 withholds six conserved regions with similarity to a high affinity Ca(+2)-binding motif, the EF-hand.
High conservation of amino acid residues outside of these motifs, in relation to mouse reticulocalbin, is consistent with a biochemical function further to that of calcium binding. In human endothelial and prostate cancer cell lines RCN1 protein is localized to the plasma membrane.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? and ? that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3 tau, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was found in T Cells, brain and testes. This 14-3-3 tau is upregulated in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Reg protein was shown to be stimulated during the regeneration of pancreatic islets. Since then, many Reg-related proteins have been identified in humans and other animals. In human, the four REG family genes, i.e., REG 1 alpha, REG 1 beta, REG-related sequence (RS) and HIP/PAP, have so far been isolated. These Reg-related proteins are classified into four subfamilies according to their amino-acid sequences, but they share a similar structure and physiological function. Reg protein is a growth factor for pancreatic beta cells and also suggests that the administration of Reg protein could be used as another therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus. Human REG cDNA which encodes a 166-amino acid protein with a 22-amino acid signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of human REG protein has 68% homology to that of rat Reg protein.
Reg I was found to be expressed mainly in pancreatic beta and acinoductular cells as well as gastric fundic enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Reg I production in ECL cells is stimulated by gastrin, as well as by the proinflammatory cytokine, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2Beta. In patients with chronic hypergastrinemia, Reg production is stimulated, with the increased proliferation of gastric mucosal cells. Patients with Helicobacter pylori infection also showed increased Reg production in the gastric mucosa, partly via increased plasma gastrin concentration and partly via increased proinflammatory cytokine production. The serum concentration of the reg-protein was significantly higher in patients with various pancreatic diseases than in normal controls, and was also significantly higher in patients with acute pancreatitis or chronic relapsing pancreatitis than in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, the serum PSP/reg-protein concentration was also significantly increased in liver cirrhosis, choledocholithiasis, and various cancers of the digestive system.

Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase which generates angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma. angiotensin I is an important regulator of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Renin initiates a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney.

REXO1 is an exonuclease domain-containing protein which binds to Elongin. The Elongin complex stimulates the rate of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II by suppressing the transient pausing of the polymerase at many sites along the DNA template. REXO1 is composed of 1221 amino acids and its mRNA is ubiquitously expressed. REXO1 is a putative stem cell marker and is highly expressed in embryonic and adult stem cells.

Relaxin-3 (RLN3) belongs to the relaxin family. Relaxins are endocrine and autocrine/paracrine hormones. Relaxin, which is produced by the ovary, targets the mammalian reproductive system to ripen the cervix, elongate the pubic symphysis and inhibit uterine contraction. Unlike human Relaxins 1 and 2, Relaxin 3 does not seem to have a role in reproduction; however it is involved in stress response in the brain stem. RLN3 is the only known ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptor GPCR135, titled RXFP3. In addition, RLN3 binds the LGR7 (RXFP1) receptor, however with lower affinity than Relaxin-2. Even though binding of RLN3 to LGR7 increases intracellular cAMP, binding to GPCR135 suppresses cAMP accumulation, indicating coupling to Gi, Go, or Gz by this receptor.

RND3 is a small GTPase which is part of the Ras superfamily that controls the association of the actin cytoskeleton in reaction to extracellular growth factors. RND3 activity causes a decrease in stress fibers and an increase in cell migration, at least in part through regulation of the Rho-dependent kinase ROCK1. RND3 inhibits DNA-damage induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. RND3 binds GTP and is resistant to Rho-specific GTPase-activating proteins.

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF181 (RNF181) accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the thioester form and subsequently directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. RNF181 is widely expressed, with the highest levels in the liver and heart and the lowest levels in the brain and skeletal muscle. RNF181 is also expressed in platelets (at protein level).

Ribosomal Protein L18A (RPL18A) is a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 60S subunit, belongs to the L18AE family of ribosomal proteins. RPL18A is located in the cytoplasm. RPL18A is co-transcribed with the U68 snoRNA, which is located in its 3rd intron. The RPL18A protein may play a role in viral replication by interacting with the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES).

The ribosomal phosphoproteins, also called P protein antigens, are associated with the large ribosomal subunit and therefore are antigenic targets with a cytoplasmic localization. Three P proteins have been described: P0 with a molecular weight of 35 kDa, P1 (19 kDa) and P2 (17 kDa). RPLP0 is a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. RPLP0 belongs to the L10P family of ribosomal proteins. RPLP0 is a neutral phosphoprotein having a C-terminal end that is nearly identical to the C-terminal ends of the acidic ribosomal phosphoproteins P1 & P2. The P0 protein interacts with P1 and P2 to form a pentameric complex consisting of P1 and P2 dimers, and a P0 monomer. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of RPLP0 scattered throughout the genome.
Autoantibodies against ribosomal P proteins are present in 10 % of SLE patients. If anti-ribosomal P antibodies were to occur in the absence of other typical SLE associated autoantibodies, they may account for some patients with so-called ANA-negative lupus. It has been reported that lupus patients positive for anti-ribosomal P autoantibodies have a high frequency of CNS involvement, suggesting a marker use for these antibodies.

Ribophorin 2 (RPN2) is a dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide protein glycosyltransferase subunit 2. The Ribophorin 2 protein is part of an N-oligosaccharyl transferase complex which links high mannose oligosaccharides to asparagine residues found in the Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif of nascent polypeptide chains. RPN2 is analogous in sequence to the yeast oligosaccharyl transferase subunit SWP1.

Ribosomes (the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis) consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Jointly these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. RPS10 which is is located in the cytoplasm and a part of the S10E family of ribosomal proteins, is a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. Variable expression of this gene in colorectal cancers compared to adjacent normal tissues has been observed, although no correlation between the level of expression and the severity of the disease has been found.

Complement C4c is a degradation product of C4b which is cleaved by C4b/C3b inactivator to yield C4d and C4c.
Complement C4c interacts with C1 and C2 to form C3 convertase of the classic activation pathway. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is often associated with congenital C4 deficiency. Reduced levels of components of the classic pathway (C1, C2, C4, C3) are common after such activation, e.g. in SLE, acute serum sickness and conditions associated with circulating immune complexes.

CDNF is a member of the ARMET family and acts as a trophic factor for neurons. CDNF inhibits the 6-hydroxy (6-OHDA)-induced degeneration of neurons. When CDNF controlled after 6-OHDA-lesioning, it reestablishes the function and inhibits the degeneration of neurons in substantia nigra. CDNF is universally expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. The highest levels in the brain are found in the optic nerve and corpus callosum.

The HbA1c shows the average amount of glucose in the blood over a period of 3 months. Sugar in the bloodstream can become attached to the hemoglobin in red blood cells (glycosylation). Once the sugar is attached, it stays there for the life of the red blood cell, which is about 120 days. The higher the level of blood sugar, the more sugar attaches to red blood cells. The HbA1c is formed in a non-enzymatic pathway by hemoglobin's standard exposure to elevated plasma levels of glucose. HbA1c is tested to monitor nephropathy and retinopathy in diabetes mellitus.

Ferritin is the main intracellular iron storage protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Ferritin’s major functions are the storage of iron in a soluble and nontoxic state and its release in a controlled fashion. An iron-containing protein complex is found mostly in the intestinal mucosa, spleen, and liver. Ferritin is composed of 24 subunits of the heavy and light chains. Variation in ferritin subunit composition may influence the rates of iron uptake and release in different tissues. Defects in the light chain ferritin gene are linked to a number of neurodegenerative diseases and hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome. The genes that encode the light and heavy chains are on located different chromosomes. The light chain genes are in chromosome region 19q13.3-q13.4 whilst those for the heavy chain are in chromosome region 11q12-q13. Ferritin is shaped like a hollow sphere, inside which the iron is stored in the Fe(III) oxidation state. The iron is integrated in the mineral ferrihydrite, [FeO(OH)]8[FeO(H2PO4)], which is attached to the inner wall of the sphere. To release iron once the body needs it, the iron must be altered from the Fe(III) to the Fe(II) oxidation state. Subsequently, the iron leaves through channels in the spherical structure. Therefore, the structure of ferritin is tremendously important for the protein's ability to store and release iron in a controlled mode.
The amount of ferritin in the blood (serum ferritin level) is directly related to the amount of iron stored in the body. The body has a "buffer" against iron deficiency (if the blood has too little iron, ferritin can release more) and, to a lesser extent, iron overload (if the blood and tissues of the body have too much iron, ferritin can help store the excess iron).

NTAL participates in FCER1 (high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor)-mediated signaling in mast cells. NTAL takes part in BCR (B-cell antigen receptor)-mediated signaling in B-cells and FCGR1 (high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I)-mediated signaling in myeloid cells. Couples activation of these receptors and their associated kinases with distal intracellular events through the recruitment of GRB2.

Prealbumin is a thyroid hormone-binding protein that transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain. Prealbumin is a carrier protein which transports thyroid hormones in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, and also transports retinol (vitamin A) in the plasma. Transthyretin consists of a tetramer of identical subunits and is dominantly produced in the liver. Mutations in Prealbumin are related to amyloid deposition, affecting predominantly peripheral nerve and/or the heart. The diseases caused by mutations include amyloidotic polyneuropathy, euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia, amyloidotic vitreous opacities, cardiomyopathy, oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis, meningocerebrovascular amyloidosis, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Prealbumin is an indicator of protein-energy malnutrition since it has a circulating half life of 2 days and reacts swiftly to changes in nutritional status.

Thioredoxins are small disulphide-containing redox proteins (within the conserved Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys active site) that have been found in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Thioredoxin contains a single disulfide active site and serves as a general protein disulphide oxidoreductase. Thioredoxins are involved in the first unique step in DNA synthesis. It interacts with a broad range of proteins by a redox mechanism based on reversible oxidation of two cysteine thiol groups to a disulphide, accompanied by the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The net result is the covalent interconversion of a disulphide and a dithiol. It has been suggested that thioredoxin may catalyze the formation of correct disulfides during protein folding because of its ability to act as an efficient oxidoreductant. Trx also provides control over a number of transcription factors affecting cell proliferation and death through a mechanism referred to as redox regulation.

Drosophila that have mutations in their MAGOH gene produce progeny with defects in germplasm assembly and germline development. MAGOH, the human homolog of Drosophila mago nashi, is necessary for embryo development. In mammals, mRNA expression is not limited to the germ plasm, but is expressed ubiquitously in adult tissues and is induced by serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblast.

COL4A3BP is a kinase that particularly phosphorylates the N-terminal region of the non-collagenous domain of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen, recognized as the Goodpasture antigen that is the outcome of an autoimmune reaction directed at COL4A3BP. One isoform of COL4A3BP participates in ceramide intracellular transport.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

The somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), comprise a family of peptides that play important roles in mammalian growth and development. IGF1 mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of growth hormone (GH; MIM 139250). Early studies showed that growth hormone did not directly stimulate the incorporation of sulfate into cartilage, but rather acted through a serum factor, termed 'sulfation factor,' which later became known as 'somatomedin' (Daughaday et al., 1972). Three main somatomedins have been characterized: somatomedin C (IGF1), somatomedin A (IGF2; MIM 147470), and somatomedin B (MIM 193190) (Rotwein, 1986; Rosenfeld, 2003).

g-synuclein(Originally known as a breast cancer specific gene product, BCSG1) is an acidic neuronal protein of 127 amino acids. Gamma-Synuclein is a member of the Synuclein protein family, which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. High levels of Gamma-Synuclein have been found in advanced breast carcinomas suggesting a correlation between overexpression of SNCG and breast tumor development. Synuclein-Gamma is found mostly in the peripheral nervous system (in primary sensory neurons, sympathetic neurons, and motor neurons) and retina. SNCG is also identified in the brain, ovarian tumors, and in the olfactory epithelium. SNCG expression in breast tumors is a marker for tumor progression. A modification in the expression of gamma-synuclein has been detected in the retina of Alzheimer's patients.