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Entry of HSV into the host cell involves interactions of several viral glycoproteins with cell surface receptors. The virus particle is covered by an envelope which, when bound to specific receptors on the cell surface, will fuse with the cell membrane and create an opening, or pore, through which the virus enters the host cell. The sequential stages of HSV entry are analagous to those of other viruses. At first, complementary receptors on the virus and cell surface bring the two membranes into proximity. In an intermediate state, the two membranes begin to merge, forming a hemifusion state. Finally, a stable entry pore is formed through which the viral envelope contents are introduced to the host cell.

IL-7 is a cytokine important for B and T cell development. This cytokine and the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) form a heterodimer that functions as a pre-pro-B cell growth-stimulating factor. This cytokine is found to be a cofactor for V(D)J rearrangement of the T cell receptor beta (TCRB) during early T cell development. This cytokine can be produced locally by intestinal epithelial and epithelial goblet cells, and may serve as a regulatory factor for intestinal mucosal lymphocytes. Knockout studies in mice suggested that this cytokine plays an essential role in lymphoid cell survival.

A fusion tag called FLAG consists of eight amino acids (AspTyrLysAspAspAspAspLys) including an enterokinase-cleavage site. FLAG is specifically designed for immunoaffinity chromatography. It allows elution under non-denaturing conditions. Several antibodies against this peptide have been developed. One antibody. denoted as M1. binds the peptide in the presence of bivalent metal cations. preferably Ca(+). Elution is effected by chelating agents. Another strategy is competitive elution with excess of free Flag Peptide.
The FLAG peptide purifies and detects recombinant fusion proteins. FLAG peptide is useful in Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, protein purification, and in the study of protein-protein interactions, cell ultrastructure, and protein localization. Flag peptide is a hydrophilic tag which significantly improves the detection and purification of recombinant fusion proteins.

BCL2 gene encodes an integral outer mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks the apoptotic death of some cells such as lymphocytes. Constitutive expression of BCL2, such as in the case of translocation of BCL2 to Ig heavy chain locus, is thought to be the cause of follicular lymphoma. Two transcript variants, produced by alternate splicing, differ in their C-terminal ends.

A human infecting coronavirus (viral pneumonia) called 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV was found in the fish market at the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China on December 2019.

The 2019-nCoV shares an 87% identity to the 2 bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome 2018 SARS-CoV-2 located in Zhoushan of eastern China. 2019-nCoV has an analogous receptor-BD-structure to that of 2018 SARS-CoV, even though there is a.a. diversity so thus the 2019-nCoV might bind to ACE2 receptor protein (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) in humans.

While bats are possibly the host of 2019-nCoV, researchers suspect that animal from the ocean sold at the seafood market was an intermediate host. RSCU analysis proposes that the 2019-nCoV is a recombinant within the viral spike glycoprotein between the bat coronavirus and an unknown coronavirus.

CD74 (HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain isoform b), is a transmembrane protein (on antigen presenting cells) which is the invariant chain that chaperones MHC class IIdimers from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. CD74 is expressed by cells of both T lymphocyte and Blymphocyte lineages. CD74 upregulated in several cancers and is also expressed by non immune cells during inflammation. Diseases related with CD74 include thymic epithelial neoplasm and gastroduodenitis. Among its related super-pathways are Immune System and Immune response Antigen presentation by MHC class II. In addition CD74 functions as cell surface receptor for the cytokine MIF.

Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1 (LAMP1) is a part of the LAMP family. LAMP1 is a membrane protein which is expressed in the endosome-lysosome membranes of cells and is implicated in tumor cell metastasis. A glycoform of LAMP1 is expressed on the surface of activated macrophages and promotes T cell costimulation and a Th1 biased immune response. LAMP1 is also found on the plasma membrane during the activation of NK cells, CD8 & T cells, monocytes, basophils, and platelets.

SLAMF1 is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and is involved in T-cell stimulation. The SLAMF1 protein is constitutively expressed on peripheral blood memory T cells, T-cell clones, immature thymocytes, and a fraction of B cells, and is swiftly induced on naive T cells after activation. There are probably 2 modes of SLAM signaling: one in which the inhibitor SH2D1A serves as a negative regulator and another in which protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTPN11)-dependent signal transduction functions.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) are antibody molecules. Each IgG is composed of four peptide chains - 2 heavy chains g and 2 light chains. Also, each IgG has 2 antigen binding sites. IgG antibodies are involved in primarily the secondary immune response. The presence of specific IgG, generally, relates to maturation of the antibody response. IgG also has an imperative role in Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Intracellular antibody-mediated proteolysis, in which it binds to TRIM21 (the receptor with greatest affinity to IgG in humans) in order to direct marked virions to the proteasome in the cytosol.

ASS1 is involved in the urea cycle, which is a sequence of chemical reactions that is localized in liver cells. The urea cycle processes excess nitrogen that is generated as the body uses proteins. The surplus nitrogen is used to create a molecule called urea, which is excreted from the body in urine.

IL-16 is a pleiotropic cytokine that functions as a chemoattractant, a modulator of T cell activation, and an inhibitor of HIV replication. The signaling process of IL-16 is mediated by CD4. The product of this gene undergoes proteolytic processing, which is found to yield two functional proteins. IL-16 functions exclusively attributed to the secreted C-terminal peptide, while the N-terminal product may play a role in cell cycle control. Caspase 3 is reported to be involved in the proteolytic processing of this protein. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
IL-16 stimulates a migratory response in cd4+ lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. Also induces t-lymphocyte expression of interleukin 2 receptor, ligand for cd4.

IL4 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells. IL4 is a ligand for interleukin 4 receptor. The interleukin 4 receptor also binds to IL13, which may contribute to many overlapping functions of this cytokine and IL13. STAT6, a signal transducer and activator of transcription, has been shown to play a central role in mediating the immune regulatory signal of this cytokine. This gene, IL3, IL5, IL13, and CSF2 form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 5q, with this gene particularly close to IL13. IL4, IL13 and IL5 are found to be regulated coordinately by several long-range regulatory elements in an over 120 kilobase range on the chromosome. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

HIV-1 Nef is a 27kDa protein highly produced after a very short time after virus infection. HIV-1 Nef is an essential factor for efficient viral replication and phatogenesis.
HIV-1 Nef facilitates virus replication and improves virions infectivity. HIV-1 Nef exerts pleiotropic effect. HIV-1 Nef down-modulates surface MHC-I molecules, decreases cell surface CD4 antigen by interacting with the Src family kinase LCK thereby inducing LCK-CD4 dissociation and by increasing clathrindependent endocytosis of this antigen to target it to lysosomial degradation. HIV-1 Nef guards the infected cell from apoptosis in order to keep it alive until the next virus generation is ready to strike. HIV-1 Nef protein bypasses host Tcell signaling by inducing a transcriptional program nearly identical to that of anti-CD3 cell activation.

Interleukin-1b is produced by activated macrophages, IL-1B stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing il-2 release, b-cell maturation and proliferation, and fibroblast growth factor activity. IL1B proteins are involved in the inflammatory response, being identified as endogenous pyrogens, and are reported to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells.

SARS Coronavirus is an enveloped virus containing three outer structural proteins, namely the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. Accordingly, S-protein plays an important role in virus infection cycle and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.It has recently been shown that SARS is caused by a human coronavirus. Human coronaviruses are the major cause of upper respiratory tract illness in humans, such as the common cold. Coronaviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses, featuring the largest viral RNA genomes known to date (27-31 kb). The first step in coronavirus infection is binding of the viral spike protein, a 139-kDa protein, to certain receptors on host cells. The spike protein is the main surface antigen of the coronavirus. The most prominent protein in the culture supernatants infected with SARS virus is a 46 kDa nucleocapsid protein. This suggests that the nucleocapsid protein is a major immunogen that may be useful for early diagnostics.

IFN-alpha is produced by macrophages and has antiviral activities. Interferon stimulates the production of two enzymes: protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase.

L-Selectin belongs to a family of divalent cation-dependent carbohydrate-binding glycoproteins or adhesion molecules. The L-Selectin molecule is composed of various domains: one homologous to lectins, one to epidermal growth factor, and two to the consensus repeat units found in C3/C4 binding proteins.
L-selectin is expressed constitutively on lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes and interacts specifically with carbohydrate groups on activated endothelial cells. L-Selectin may be shed by proteolytic cleavage and circulating levels in biological fluids may be used as an indicator of various pathological conditions. L-Selectin is cleaved by ADAM17.
L-selectin works as a "homing receptor" for leukocytes to enter secondary lymphoid tissues via the high endothelial venules. Ligands present on endothelial cells will attach to leukocytes expressing L-selectin, which causes the leukocytes to become localized at that juncture. The receptor is also located on the cell surfaces of "naive" T cells, which have not yet encountered their particular antigen. This surface expression is lost following the cells activation.

CD70 also known as TNFSF7 is a cytokine which binds to CD27. TNFSF7 takes part in T-cell activation as well as induces the proliferation of costimulated T-cells. Moreover, TNFSF7 enhances the generation of cytolytic T-cells. Among the diseases which are associated with TNFSF7: Include acute myocarditis & Myocarditis.

KLRD1, also known as Killer Cell Lectin Like Receptor D1, is expressed on the surface of natural killer cells in the innate immune system. KLRD1 functions as a receptor for the recognition of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells and some cytotoxic T-cells. KLRD1 can create disulfide-bonded heterodimer with NKG2 family members. CD94 & NKG2 complex interacts with (HLA)-E, Human Leukocyte Antigen on target cells on the surface of natural killer cells.

LDHB is part of the lactate dehydrogenase family. LDHB is an oxidoreductase which catalyses the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. LDHB catalyzes the oxidation of hydroxybutyrate, and frequently called Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase (HBD). The LDH family consists of three members, LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C. LDHs function as powerful markers for germ cell tumors.

IL17 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated T cells. IL-17 regulates the activities of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Interleukin-17 can stimulate the expression of IL6 and cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX-2), as well as enhance the production of nitric oxide (NO). High levels of IL-17 are associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis.

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesisand viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.

Leukocyte Immunoglobulin Like Receptor B1 (LILRB1) is a member of the leukocyteimmunoglobulinlike receptor (LIR) family. LILRB1is expressed on immune cells, binds to MHC classI molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immuneresponse. LILRB1 controls inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity to help focus the immune responseand limit autoreactivity. LILRB1 is also expressed on the surface of B cells and monocytes, subsets of NKcells, gamma δ T cells,memory/effector CD8+ T cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Salmonella Typhi is a pathogen causing typhoid fever, affecting over 17 million people with approximately 600,000 deaths annually worldwide. If untreated, typhoid fever cases result in mortality rates ranging from 12-30%.