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E-cadherin (uvomorulin, cell-CAM120/80) is a calcium dependent cell adhesion molecule expressed predominately in epithelial tissues. It plays an important role in the growth and development of cells via the mechanisms of control of tissue architecture and the maintenance of tissue integrity. Numerous studies have demonstrated that reduction and/or loss of Ecadherin expression in carcinomas correlates positively with the potential of these tumors for invasion and metastasis.

Glucokinase or GLK, is a protein, part of the bacterial glucokinase superfamily. In the bacteria E. coli, glucose can be transported to the inner cell through a system called PTS as glucose 6-phosphate, therefore, GLK is less crucial to the bacteria.

Endothelial cells express three different vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, belonging to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). They are named VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1), VEGFR-3 (Flt-4). Their expression is almost exclusively restricted to endothelial cells, but VEGFR-1 can also be found on monocytes. All VEGF-receptors have seven immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains, a single transmembrane region and an intracellular split tyrosine kinase domain. VEGFR-2 has a lower affinity for VEGF than the Flt-1 receptor, but a higher signaling activity. Mitogenic activity in endothelial cells is mainly mediated by VEGFR-2 leading to their proliferation.
Differential splicing of the flt-1 gene leads to the formation of a secreted, soluble variant of VEGFR-1 (sVEGFR-1). No naturally occuring, secreted forms of VEGFR-2 have so far been reported. The binding of VEGF165 to VEGFR-2 is dependent on heparin.

Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase which generates angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma. angiotensin I is an important regulator of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Renin initiates a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney.

RPA-interacting protein isoform d (RPAIN) is a single-stranded-DNA binding protein which participates in various eukaryotic DNA processes such as replication, repair and recombination. RPAIN interacting protein has been indicated as an adapter protein that is involved in RPA nuclear import instead of the prototypical importin proteins that normally mediate nuclear import. RPAIN is mainly expressed in pancreas, kidney, muscle, liver, lung, placenta, brain, heart, leukocytes, colon, intestine, ovary, testis, prostate, thymus and spleen.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

CRNN is part of the "fused gene" family of proteins, which enclose N-terminus EF-hand domains and multiple tandem peptide repeats. CRNN contains two EF-hand Ca2+ binding domains in its N-terminus and two glutamine- and threonine-rich 60 amino acid repeats in its C-terminus. CRNN, also known as SEP53, which participates in the mucosal/epithelial immune response and epidermal differentiation. CRNN is a survival factor that participates in the clonogenicity of squamous esophageal epithelium cell lines, attenuates deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced apoptotic cell death and discharge of calcium. When CRNN is over expressed in oral squamous carcinoma cell lines, it regulates negatively cell proliferation by the induction of G1 arrest.

SDCBP is a multifunctional intracellular adapter protein. SDCBP protein has tandemly repeated PDZ domains which react with the FYA (phe-tyr-ala) carboxyterminal amino acid sequence of the syndecans. SDCBP is has a role in organization of protein complexes in the plasma membranes, regulation of B-cell development, activation of transcription factors, intracellular trafficking and cell-surface targeting, synaptic transmission, and axonal outgrowth.

DCUN1D1 takes part in the malignant transformation of squamous cell lineage. DCUN1D1 protein regulates Gli1, a main regulator of the hedgehog (HH) pathway which takes a vital role in development, maintenance, and regeneration of practically all adult tissues.

DCN1-like protein 2 (DCUN1D2) which contains one DCUN1 domain and 1 UBA-like domain, may have a role in the neddylation of cullins which regulate SCF-type ubiquitin ligase complexes. The gene encoding Dcun1D2 is located on human chromosome 13. Chromosome 13 contains major tumor suppressor genes, including BRCA2 and RB1, which are linked with breast cancer susceptibility and retinoblastoma, respectively.

NECAP2 which is involved in endocytosis, is a vital protein paralogues for clathrin-mediated membrane trafficking which are enhanced in CCV layers. NECAP2 protein colocalizes with AP-2 at the plasma membrane by binding AP-2s ?-ear domain, and interacts with AP-1, AP-2 and several GAE domain proteins termed GGA1, GGA2 and GGA3.

Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 (ARHGDIA) is a member of the RAS gene superfamily, which encodes small guanine nucleotide exchange (GTP/GDP) factors. ARHGDIA, which is localized to the cytoplasm, inhibits the dissociation of GDP from Rho proteins, thus preventing GTP from binding to and consequently activating Rho proteins. In humans, the ARHGDIA can be phosphorylated at Ser 101 by p21-activated kinase, an event that inhibits its activity and may result in positive feedback regulation of several ARHGDIA target proteins.

cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 19 (ARPP19) is protein phosphatase inhibitor which specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis. When phosphorylated at Ser-62 during mitosis, ARPP19 specifically interacts with PPP2R2D (PR55-delta) and inhibits its activity, leading to inactivation of PP2A, a vital condition to maintain cyclin-B1-CDK1 activity high during M phase. ARPP19 protein may indirectly boost GAP-43 expression. The 19 kDa cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein has a role in regulating mitosis by obstructing protein phosphatase-2A.

Dual-Specificity Tyrosine-(Y)-Phosphorylation Regulated 1A (DYRK1A) belongs to the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) family. DYRK1A includes a nuclear targeting signal sequence, a leucine zipper motif and a protein kinase domain. DYRK1A catalyzes its autophosphorylation on serine/threonine and tyrosine residues and takes part in a signaling pathway regulating cell proliferation. DYRK1A has a substrate preference for proline at position P+1 and arginine at position P-3.

Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3F, also known as EIF3F belongs to the eIF-3 subunit F family. EIF3F is a component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which isessential for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosomeand facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF 2: GTP: methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S preinitiationcomplex (43S PIC). In addition, the eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA forAUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also necessary for disassembly and recycling of post termination ribosomalcomplexes and subsequently prevents premature union of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. Among the diseases associated with EIF3F are intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.

7-methylguanosine phosphate-specific 5'-nucleotidase (NT5C3B) includes transferase activity and nucleotide binding. Among NT5C3B’s related super-pathways are adenosine nucleotides degradation II and Pyrimidine metabolism. NT5C3B hydrolyzes 7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m(7)GMP) to 7-methylguanosine and inorganic phosphate. The specific activity for m(7)GMP guards cells against undesired retrieval of m(7)GMP and its incorporation into nucleic acids. In addition, NT5C3B has weak activity for CMP.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 (CXCL5) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78). It is produced following stimulation of cells with the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Expression of CXCL5 has also been observed in eosinophils. This chemokine stimulates the chemotaxis of neutrophils possesses angiogenic properties. It elicits these effects by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL5 is encoded on four exons and is located on human chromosome 4 amongst several other CXC chemokine genes. CXCL5 has been implicated in connective tissue remodelling.

BIRC7 is a part of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family and contains a single copy of a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) as well as a RING-type zinc finger domain. The BIR domain is necessary for inhibitory activity & cooperates with caspases, while the RING finger domain sometimes increases anti-apoptotic activity but doesn’t inhibit apoptosis by itself. 2 transcript variants encoding diverse isoforms have been found for this gene. The 2 isoforms have dissimilar antiapoptotic characteristics, with isoform a protecting cells from apoptosis induced by staurosporine and isoform b defending cells from apoptosis. BIRC7 has direct contact with several caspases together with caspase-3, caspase-7, & caspase –9. BIRC7 inhibits the activation of caspase-9 induced by Apaf-1, cytochrome c, and dATP.

Platelet Derived Growth Factor-CC (PDGF-CC) belongs to the PGDF family of growth factors. PDGF-CC binds with high-affinity to PDGF R-a and activates PDGF R-ab heterodimers. During development, PDGF-CC is involved in ductal morphogenesis, cardiovascular smooth muscle cell proliferation; also PDGF-CC is an angiogenic factor. Furthermore, PDGF-CC is expressed in numerous tumors and tumor cell lines, and may be linked with tumorigenesis.

PDIA3 is an enzyme that belongs to the endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with lectin chaperones calreticulin and calnexin to modulate folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins. PDIA3 has protein disulfide isomerase activity. Complexes of lectins and PDIA3 mediate protein folding by promoting formation of disulfide bonds in their glycoprotein substrates. PDIA3 is expressed in the lumbar spinal cord from rats submitted to peripheral lesion during neonatal period. PDIA3 interacts with thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter in the kidney and is induced by glucose deprivation. PDIA3 is part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide-loading complex (TAP1), which is important for formation of the final antigen conformation and export from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface.

TCEB1 (elongin C) is a subunit of elongin, which is a common transcription elongation factor that increases the RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template encoded arresting sites. The SIII complex is comprised of elongins A/A2, B and C. The SIII complex activates elongation by RNA polymerase II by curbing transient pausing of the polymerase at numerous sites within transcription units. Elongin A acts as the transcriptionally active component of the SIII complex, while elongins B and C are regulatory subunits. Elongin A2 is specifically expressed in the testis, and able to forming a stable complex with elongins B and C. The VHL (von Hippel-Lindau) tumor suppressor protein binds to elongins B and C, and thus inhibits transcription elongation.

C8, a component of the complement system consists of three polypeptides C8A, C8B and C8G and takes part in the formation of Membrane Attack Complex (MAC). Patients with C8 deficiency are exposed to several bacteria infections. C8G, a member of the lipocalin family and calycin superfamily, is a secreted protein that can bind retinol. C8G is created in the liver, monocytes and fibroblast and has a role in clearing pathogens from an infected host.

TIE-1 (tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains 1) and TIE-2/Tek comprise a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) subfamily with unique structural characteristics: two immunoglobulin-like domains flanking three epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains and followed by three fibronectin type III-like repeats in the extracellular region and a split tyrosine kinase domain in the cytoplasmic region. These receptors are expressed primarily on endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cells and play critical roles in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. Human TIE-1 cDNA encodes a 1122 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with an 18 residue putative signal peptide, a 726 residue extracellular domain and a 353 residue cytoplasmic domain. Two ligands, angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), which bind TIE-2 with high-affinity have been identified. Ang2 has been reported to act as an antagonist for Ang1. Mice engineered to overexpress Ang2 or to lack Ang1 or Tie-1 display similar angiogenic defects.

CCL28 is part of the subfamily of small cytokine CC genes. CCL28 shows chemotactic activity for resting CD4 or CD8 T cells and eosinophils. CCL28 binds to chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR10. CCL28 is involved in the physiology of extracutaneous epithelial tissues, including diverse mucosal organs. CCL28 mediates mucosal immunity in HIV exposure and infection. CCL28 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.
Human CCL28 cDNA encodes a 127 amino acid residue precursor protein with a putative 22 amino acid residue signal peptide that is cleaved to produce the 105 amino acid residue mature protein. Human and mouse CCL28 are highly conserved, sharing 83% amino acid identity in their mature regions. CCL28 shares the most homology with CCL27/CTACK. Human and mouse CCL28 RNA expression was found to be highest in normal and pathologic colon with the protein being expressed by epithelial cells. Human CCL28 RNA was also present in normal and asthmatic lung tissues.