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Threonyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic (TARS) is a member of the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The main role of TARS is in tRNA aminoacylation. The N-terminal domain of the TARS enzyme is responsible for the competition with the ribosome whereas the catalytic and the C-terminal domain are involved in binding the 2 anticodon arm-like structures in the operator.

Growth-Hormone is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of formiminoglutamateand tetrahydrofolateinto formiminotetrahydrofolateand glutamate.
Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase, a bifunctional enzyme of tetrahydrofolate synthesis, is the target antigen of anti-LC1 (liver cytosol antigen type 1) autoantibodies. Presence of LC1 autoantibodies is a marker for type 2 autoimmune hepatitis (for which anti-LKM 1/cytochrome P450 2D6 autoantibodies are a further marker).
Serum LC1 autoantibody concentrations appear to fluctuate in parallel with aminotransferase levels, a particularly intriguing observation that suggests a possible role of LC1 autoreactivity in the pathogenic mechanism leading to hepatocyte injury.

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), also recognized as ADAT2 is an enzyme that takes part in purine metabolism. ADAT2 is necessary for the breakdown of adenosine from food and for the turnover of nucleic acids in tissues. ADAT2 is involved in the deamination of adenosine-34 to inosine in numerous tRNAs. ADAT2 is part of the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase protein family, ADAT2 employs zinc as a cofactor. ADAT2 is a 191 amino acid enzyme that exists as two isoforms formed by alternative splicing events.

RDH12 is a member of the short-chain Dehydrogenases / Reductases (SDR) family. RDH12 is found generally in brain, stomach, eye, skeletal muscle and kidney. RDH12 is a NADPH-dependent retinal reductase whose main activity is toward 9-cis and all-trans-retinol. In addition, RDH12 takes part in the metabolism of short-chain aldehydes but does not display steroid dehydrogenase activity.

UbcH12 is functional in in vitro NEDDylation reactions. It has been shown to form a thioester linkage with NEDD8 in the presence of the NEDD8 activating enzyme complex Uba3/APP-BP1. APP-BP1 binds to the amyloid precursor protein (APP) carboxy terminal domain and is important in conjunction with Uba3 and UbcH12 in driving cells through the S to M checkpoint. It was demonstrated to be the E2 responsible for the NEDDylation of the Cul-1 component of the SCF (?-TRCP) complex which is important as the E3-ligase in the ubiquitinylation of I?B?. NEDDylation of Cul-1 is essential for conjugation and processing of NF-?B p105 by SCF (?-TRCP) following phosphorylation of the complex. A dominant negative form of UbcH12, previously demonstrated to sequester NEDD8 and inhibit its conjugation, inhibits both conjugation and processing of p105, which is alleviated by wild-type UbcH12.

Antioxidant enzyme Glutathione S- Transferase (GST) is thought to do the primary cellular defense mechanism against reactive oxygen species. GST reduces lipid hydroperoxides through its Se-independent glutathione peroxidase activity. The enzyme also detoxifies lipid peroxidation end products such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE).
The soluble GST is a 26 kDa protein which occurs as a dimer in all aerobic organisms. Each monomer has two domains, one that binds GSH and is an /-structure similar to thioredoxin and the other, all helical, that binds the hydrophobic substrate. The GST -fusion protein expression system is a widely used recombinant protein expression system that allows a peptide or a regulatory protein domain to be expressed as a fusion to the C-terminus of Schistosoma japonicum GST. Fusion proteins also possess GST -enzymatic activity and can undergo dimerization similar to in vivo. The fusion protein can be purified via GST -affinity column chromatography. In most cases, the desired peptides or domains are removed from GST by applying a specific protease that recognizes and cleaves the linker between the protein domain and GST. The technique has been widely used to generate different kinds of proteins for crystallization, molecular immunology studies, the production of vaccines and studies involving protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions.

DCTPP1, also known as dCTP pyrophosphatase 1, contains an epilepsy-associated repeat (EAR) domain that is predicted to participate in protein-protein interactions, most likely involved in ligand recognition. This protein functions to hydrolyze abnormal nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) in cancer cells that, if unregulated, could be incorporated into nascent DNA or RNA.

SAE1 is part of the ubiquitin-activating E1 family of proteins and participates in the significant first step of the UBL1 conjugation pathway. Proteins conjugated to Ub are marked for progressive degradation by the 26S Proteasome. SAE1 acts as a UBLI E1 ligase mediating the ATP-dependent activation of UBL1. SAE1 binds with UBLE1A and UBLE1B to form a heterodimer which can bind UBL1. SAE1 is a dimeric enzyme that takes part as a E1 ligase for SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, and probably SUMO4. SAE1 regulates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins and formation of a thioester with a conserved cysteine residue on SAE2.

Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having various physiological functions. Numerous kallikreins are involved in carcinogenesis. Kallikrein-11 (KLK11) which is a multifunctional protease is 1 of the 15 kallikrein subfamily members found in a cluster on chromosome 19. KLK11 cleaves synthetic peptides after arginine but not lysine residues.

DIM1 dimethyladenosine transferase 1 homolog (DIMT1) is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. The DIMT1 enzyme specifically dimethylates 2 adjacent adenosines in the loop of a conserved hairpin near the 3'-end of 18S rRNA in the 40S particle. DIMT1 is restricted to the nucleolus.

DUSP3 belongs to the dual specificity protein phosphatase subfamily which inactivates their target kinases by dephosphorylating both the phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine residues. DUSP3 negatively regulate members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily that are related to cellular proliferation and differentiation. DUSP3 is expressed in both breast and ovarian tissues and displays activity both for tyrosine-protein phosphate and serine-protein phosphate, but exhibits a strong preference toward phosphotyrosines, specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK1 and ERK2.

BAK1 is a member of the BCL2 protein family. The BCL2 family members form oligomers or heterodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators which are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. The BAK1 gene encodes a receptor-like kinase (RLK) with a putative extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, an intracellular-juxtamembrane domain, and a kinase domain. BAK1 localizes to mitochondria, and functions to induce apoptosis. BAK1 interacts with and accelerates the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, leading to a loss in membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. Furthermore, BAK1 interacts with the tumor suppressor P53 after exposure to cell stress. BAK1 expression is linked to the progression of Prostate cancer.

Glutaminyl-Peptide Cyclotransferase, also known as QPCT is a member of the glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase family. QPCT is responsible for the biosynthesis of pyroglutamyl peptides. Furthermore, QPCT is partial against acidic and tryptophan residues adjacent to the N-terminal glutaminyl residue and a lack of importance of chain length following the second residue. QPCT catalyzes N-terminal pyroglutamate formation, also in vitro, it catalyzes pyroglutamate formation of N-terminally truncated form of APP amyloid-beta peptides [Glu-3]-beta-amyloid.

Serratia marcescens secretes an endonuclease that has exceptionally high specific activity to the medium that surrounds it. The Benzonase Nuclease is mainly used for elimination of nucleic acid contamination from purified proteins, downstream processing, reduction of viscosity etc. Nucleic acid contaminants are caused by nuclease released to the medium. The DNA is being destroyed by the release of the S. marcescens nuclease and it acts as the killer gene for the auto destruction of microorganisms.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

Paraoxonase 1 also called Esterase-A is involved in the detoxification of organophosphate insecticides such as parathion. Paraoxonase 1 may also confer protection against coronary artery disease by destroying proinflammatory oxidized lipids present in oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

Cathepsin S (CTSS) belongs to the peptidase C1 family. CTSS is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase that participates in the degradation of antigenic proteins to peptides for presentation on MHC class II molecules. CTSS functions as an elastase over a broad pH range in alveolar macrophages.

GAPDH is a catalytic enzyme normally known to play a role in glycolysis. GAPDH exists as a tetramer composed of 36-kDa subunits and has a range of intracellular functions. GAPDH catalyzes the reversible reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphophate in the presence of NADPH. Besides functioning as a glycolytic enzyme in cytoplasm, GAPDH has function in intracellular processes such as membrane fusion, microtubule bundling, phosphotransferase activity, nuclear RNA export, DNA replication and DNA repair. GAPDH catalyzes a vital energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The enzyme exists as a tetramer of identical chains.

PPIF is a part of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIF accelerates the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. PPIF is key component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Activation of this pore is thought to be involved in the induction of apoptotic and necrotic cell death.

Glutathione synthetase (GSS) is the second enzyme in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway. GSS catalyses the condensation of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine to form glutathione. Defects in the GSS are the cause of glutathione synthetase deficiency aka GSS deficiency or 5-oxoprolinuria or pyroglutamic aciduria, which is a severe form characterized by an increased rate of hemolysis and defective function of the central nervous system.

HBsAg is the surface antigen of the Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV). The capsid of a virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus. The antigen is a protein that binds specifically on one of these surface proteins. It is commonly referred to as the Australian Antigen.
Recombinant HbsAg ayw full length is a 24kDa protein cloned from HBV 320 genome.