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PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and accelerate the folding of proteins. Cyclophilin-A is a cyclosporin binding-protein and may play a role in cyclosporin A-mediated immunosuppression. Cyclophilin-A can also interact with several HIV proteins, including p55 gag, Vpr, and capsid protein, and has been shown to be necessary for the formation of infectious HIV virions. Multiple pseudogenes that map to different chromosomes have been reported.

Stem cell factor / KIT ligand (SCF) is a cytokine which binds CD117(c-Kit). SCF is also known as "steel factor" or "c-kit ligand". SCF exists in two forms, cell surface bound SCF and soluble (or free) SCF. Soluble SCF is produced by the cleavage of surface bound SCF by metalloproteases. SCF is a growth factor important for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and other hematopoietic progenitor cells. One of its roles is to change the BFU-E (burst-forming unit-erythroid) cells, which are the earliest erythrocyte precursors in the erythrocytic series, into the CFU-E (colony-forming unit-erythroid).

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL7) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is a protein that is released in large amounts from platelets following their activation. It stimulates various processes including mitogenesis, synthesis of extracellular matrix, glucose metabolism and synthesis of plasminogen activator.

Ectodysplasin A Receptor, also known as EDAR belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. EDAR is a receptor for the soluble ligand ectodysplasin A, and is capable of activating the nuclear factor-kappaB, JNK, as well as caspase-independent cell death pathways. EDAR is necessary for the development of hair, teeth, and other ectodermal derivatives. Furthermore, mutations in EDAR resulted in autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Nob1 takes part in pre-rRNA processing and cleaves in a late cytoplasmic processing step a 20S rRNA intermediate at cleavage site D to create the mature 18S rRNA. In yeast, more than 200 protein and RNA cofactors are essential for ribosome assembly, and these are mostly conserved in eukaryotes. These factors oversee alteration and cleavage of the initial 35S precursor rRNA transcript into the mature 18S, 5.8S, and 25S rRNAs, folding of the rRNA, and binding of ribosomal proteins and 5S RNA.

EPHB4 or Ephrin type-B receptor 4 is encoded by the EPHB4 gene in humans. The receptor and its ligands (the ephrins) take part in different developmental stages, mainly in the nervous system. EPHB4 and other Ephrin receptors are the biggest subgroup of the RTK receptors. EPHB4 binds to ephrin B2 and has a crucial part in the development of the vascular system.

Paralemmin (PALM) belongs to the paralemmin protein family which takes part in plasma membrane dynamics and cell process formation. The product of PALM is related with the cytoplasmic face of plasma membranes and is implicated in plasma membrane dynamics in neurons and other cell types.

FABP1 (Fatty acid binding protein1) encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in liver. FABP1 is composed of ten antiparallel beta strands that form a barrel with a bigger binding pocket than the other FABPs allowing it to accommodate two fatty acid. This protein binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm; it may be involved in intracellular lipid transport and metabolism.

FABP multigene family has almost 20 known members. FABPs are divided into 3 different types: hepatic, intestinal and cardiac which form 14-15 kDa proteins that take part in the uptake, intracellular metabolism and/or transport of long-chain fatty acids. FABPs are involved in the modulation of cell growth and proliferation. Intestinal FABP (FABP2) gene has a polymorphism at codon 54 that identified an alanine-encoding allele and a threonine-encoding allele. Thr-54 protein is associated with increased fat oxidation and resistance. High serum levels of FABP2 is ulcerative colitis indicates ileitis. FABP2 is has part in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. FABP2 binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long- chain fatty acids. FABP2 helps maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that has only been identified in rodents.
In mice, CCL6 is expressed in cells from neutrophil and macrophage lineages, and can be greatly induced under conditions suitable for myeloid cell differentiation. It is highly expressed in bone marrow cultures that have been stimulated with the cytokine GM-CSF. Some low levels of gene expression also occur in certain cell lines of myeloid origin (e.g. the immature myeloid cell lines DA3 and 32D cl3, and the macrophage cell line P388D) that can also be greatly induced in culture with GM-CSF. However, in activated T cell lines, expression of CCL6 is greatly reduced. CCL6 can also be induced in the mouse lung by the cytokine interleukin 13. Mouse CCL6 is located on chromosome 11. The cell surface receptor for CCL6 is believed to be the chemokine receptor CCR1.

Profilin-1 also known as Pfn1 is a ubiquitous actin monomer-binding protein which is a member of the profilin family. Pfn1 significantly enhances skin wound healing in-vitro as well as in-vivo which is mediated by purinergic receptors. Furthermore, Pfn1 is also active in endothelial cell migration and vessel sprouting. Pfn1 is considered to regulate actin polymerization in response to extracellular signals.

TMEFF1 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which includes 2 follistatin modules and an EGF domain in its extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular domain of TMEFF1 can be released as a soluble protein. TMEFF1 is primarily expressed in brain, but is downregulated in brain neoplasms. TMEFF1 selectively regulates nodal but not activin signaling through direct binding to the nodal co-receptor, Cripto. TMEFF inhibits NODAL and BMP signaling through neural patterning and also a possible tumor suppressor in brain cancers.

Protein Phosphatase 1F (PPM1F) is a part of the PP2C family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases whose members are known to be negative regulators of cell stress response pathways. PPM1F interacts with Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (PIX), and as a result blocks the effects of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK), a protein kinase mediating biological effects downstream of Rho GTPases. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma (CAMK2G/CAMK-II) is one of the substrates of PPM1F. PPM1F is found to be an apoptosis Promoter.

CETN3 comprises of 4 EF-hand calcium binding domains, and is a part of the centrin protein family. CETN3 protein is widely expressed cytoskeletal components that demonstrate increased expression during cell differentiation. CETN3 takes part in centrosome reproduction.

GNLY is part of the SAPLIP family and is located in the cytotoxic granules of T cells, which are discharged upon antigen stimulation. GNLY is localized in cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and it has antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis and other organisms. GNLY is an antimicrobial protein that kills intracellular pathogens. GNLY is active against a wide range of microbes, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Cold inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) has a protective role in the genotoxic stress response by stabilizing transcripts of genes involved in cell survival. CIRBP localizes to the nucleus and contains one RRM (RNA recognition motif) domain. Expressed ubiquitously, CIRBP is believed to play a crucial role in the suppression of cellular proliferation in response to UV irradiation or extreme cold.

GrpE , co-chaperone of E.coli, participates actively in the response to hyperosomotic and heat shock by preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins in association with DnaK. This protein is the nucleotide exchange factor for DnaK and may function as a thermosensor. Several rounds of ATP-dependent interactions between DnaJ, DnaK and GrpE are required for fully efficient folding.

VAPB Vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein B (aka VAPB) is a type IV transmembrane protein and belongs to the VAP family of proteins. VAPB may have a role in vesicle trafficking. VAPB is found in plasma and intracellular vesicle membranes as a homodimer and heterodimer with VAPA, and interacts with VAMP1 and VAMP2. VAPB defects are the basis for the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 8 and spinal muscular atrophy autosomal dominant Finkel type.

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Binding Protein or CRHBP is a hormone that stimulates the preopiomelanocortin-derived peptides secretion & synthesis. In general, the levels of CRHBP in the human plasma are relatively low. There are times when we can find high levels of the hormone, mainly in pregnancy, after parturition the levels drop back, the high levels are thought to be derived from the placenta. CRH-binding protein can be found in the plasma, this protein inactivates CRH, in order to avoid inappropriate pituitary-adrenal stimulation during gestation.

Melanotan and Melanotan-II are both analogs of the peptide hormone alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH) that tend to induce skin tanning. Unlike Melanotan, Melanotan-II has the additional effect of increasing libido. Melanotan II has aphrodisiac properties.

Listeriolysin O (aka LLO) is a hemolysin produced by Listeria monocytogenes bacteria, the pathogen responsible for causing listeriosis. The toxin may be regarded as a virulence factor, since it is crucial for the virulence of L. monocytogenes. LLO is a single polypeptide protein encoded by the hlyA gene and composed of 529 residues. LLO is a thiol-activated cholesterol-dependent pore forming toxin protein; therefore, it is activated by reducing agents and inhibited by oxidizing agents. Still, LLO differs from other thiol-activated toxins, as its cytolytic activity is maximized at a pH of 5.5. Inside the acidic phagosomes (average pH ~ 5.9) of cells that have phagocytosed L. monocytogenes, LLO is selectively activated by maximizing activity at a pH of 5.5. Following the phagosome lysis by LLO, the bacterium breaks out into the cytosol, where it is able to grow intracellularly, and the toxin has reduced activity in the more basic cytosol. Thus, LLO permits L. monocytogenes to break out from the phagosomes into the cytosol without harming the plasma membrane of the infected cell, which allows the bacteria to live intracellularly, where they are sheltered from extracellular immune system factors such as the complement system and antibodies. LLO also brings about dephosphorylation of histone H3 and deacetylation of histone H4 in the early phases of infection, before entry of L. monocytogenes into the host cell. The pore-forming activity is not implicated in causing the histone modifications. The modifications of the histones affect the down regulation of genes encoding proteins involved in the inflammatory response. Therefore, LLO may be significant in subverting the host immune response to L. monocytogenes. At its NH2-terminus it possesses a 25 residues long typical signal sequence excited during the secretion process. Moreover, in its NH2-terminus there is also a 19 amino acids PEST- like sequence that may target this toxin for degradation. The PEST-like sequence found in LLO and is considered crucial for virulence, given that mutants lacking the sequence lysed the host cell. Nevertheless, contrary to PEST's supposed role in protein degradation, evidence implies that the PEST-like sequence may control LLO production in the cytosol rather than increase degradation of LLO.

Thioredoxins are small disulphide-containing redox proteins (within the conserved Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys active site) that have been found in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Thioredoxin contains a single disulfide active site and serves as a general protein disulphide oxidoreductase. Thioredoxins are involved in the first unique step in DNA synthesis. It interacts with a broad range of proteins by a redox mechanism based on reversible oxidation of two cysteine thiol groups to a disulphide, accompanied by the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The net result is the covalent interconversion of a disulphide and a dithiol. Trx also provides control over a number of transcription factors affecting cell proliferation and death through a mechanism referred to as redox regulation. It has been suggested that thioredoxin may catalyze the formation of correct disulfides during protein folding because of its ability to act as an efficient oxidoreductant. This could be especially useful in refolding proteins expressed in E. coli. To this end, thioredoxin has been shown to act as a protein disulfide isomerase.Its Molecular Weight is 11.9kDa. and the pI is 4.67.

ACE-2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme 2) an enzyme bound to cell membranes in various organs such as intestines arteries , lungs, heart & kidney. ACE2 an entry receptor of SARS coronaviruses as well as SARS-CoV-2,.The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein is a class I viral fusion antigen located on the external envelope of the virion that takes part in a critical part in viral infection by identifying host cell receptors and facilitating fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. 2 main domains in coronavirus S1 have been recognized, the N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain. One or the other and/or both S1 domains function as a receptor-binding domain. SARS-CoV + MERS-CoV equally use C-domain to attach their receptors.ACE2 is a type I transmembrane antigen with an extracellular N-terminal domain having the catalytic site and an intracellular C-terminal tail. ACE2 obtains a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain, and a single metalloproteinase active site containing an HEXXH zinc-binding domain. ACE-2 plays a role as a mono-carboxypeptidase which degrades Ang I to produce the nonapeptide Ang 1–9 and Ang II to create the heptapeptide Ang 1–7.