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XIAP Associated Factor 1 (XAF1) is a protein which binds to and counteracts the inhibitory effect of a member of the IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis) protein family. IAP proteins bind to and inhibit caspases which are activated in the course of apoptosis. The ratio of IAPs and proteins which interfere with their activity, such as the XAF1 protein, influence the progress of the apoptosis signaling pathway. Additionally, XAF1 inhibits anti-caspase activity of BIRC4. XAF1 induces cleavage and inactivation of BIRC4 independent of caspase activation. Furthermore, XAF1 mediates TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and is involved in apoptosis in trophoblast cells.

Zinc Ribbon Domain Containing 1 (ZNRD1) is a protein which shows similarity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rpa12p subunit of RNA polymerase I. ZNRD1 contains two potential zinc-binding motifs and takes part in regulation of cell proliferation. ZNRD1 is involved in cancer and human immunodeficiency virus progression. Alternate splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding the same protein. Additional splice variants have been found, but their full-length sequences have not been determined.

Numerous forms of Bartonellosis are caused by Bartonella henselae as well as Cat Scratch Disease & Bacillary Angiomatosis. It has been found that up to 95% of patients with Cat Scratch Disease show antibodies against Bartonella henselae antigens.

Highly immunoreactive proteins which are produced by the Bartonella henselae are the most important antigens used for the diagnosis of Cat Scratch Disease.

Bartonella henselae of outer membrane protein p26 has an important nucleotide identity with orthologs in Bartonella spp, Brucella spp in addition to more than a few plant-associated bacteria.

SELPLG glycoprotein functions as a high affinity counter-receptor for the cell adhesion selectin molecules (P, E and L) located in stimulated T lymphocytes and myeloid cells. SELPLG binds leukocytes to activated platelets or endothelia expressing selectins, a vital role in leukocyte trafficking throughout inflammation. In order to have a high-affinity binding activity SELPLG needs two post-translational modifications, tyrosine sulfation and the addition of the sialyl Lewis x tetrasaccharide (sLex) to its O-linked glycans. Polymorphisms and abnormal expression of SELPLG are linked to defects in the innate and adaptive immune response. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

ADAM10 is part of the ADAM family which are cell surface proteins with a distinctive structure possessing both potential adhesion and protease domains. ADAM10 cleaves many proteins including TNF-alpha and E-cadherin. ADAM10 cleaves the membrane-bound precursor of tnf-alpha at 76- ala-|-val-77 to its mature soluble form. ADAM10 is in charge for the proteolytic release of several other cell-surface proteins, including ephrin-a2 and for constitutive and regulated alpha-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. ADAM10 is involved in the normal cleavage of the cellular prion protein. ADAM10 is involved in the cleavage of the adhesion molecule l1 at the cell surface and in the release of membrane vesicles, suggesting a vesicle-based protease activity. ADAM10 controls the proteolytic processing of notch and mediates lateral inhibition during neurogenesis.

Seryl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic (SARS) is a member of the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases’ role is to catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNAs by their corresponding amino acids, as a result linking amino acids with tRNA-contained nucleotide triplets. The SARS enzyme catalyzes the attachment of serine to tRNA (Ser). SARS enzyme is probably able to aminoacylate tRNA (Sec) with serine, to form the misacylated tRNA L-seryl-tRNA (Sec), which will be then converted into selenocysteinyl-tRNA (Sec).

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HMGCL) is a mitochondrial matrix protein which is a member of the HMG-CoA lyase family. HMGCL is a homodimer and participates in leucine catabolism and ketogenesis, the hepatic synthesis of ketone bodies which, during fasting, provides a major source of energy for the heart, brain and kidney. More precisely, HMGCL catalyzes the final step of these processes, the cleavage of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA to acetoacetic acid and acetyl-CoA.

HOMER2 belongs to the homer family of dendritic proteins which are immediate early gene products who bind to group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), proteins associated to triggering intracellular calcium release. Additionally, HOMER2 conect mGluRs to the inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3R).

SNURF is an extremely basic protein restricted to the nucleus. The evolutionarily reserved open reading frame is located on a bicistronic transcript which has a downstream ORF encoding the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N. The first three exons of the transcript are exploited by the upstream coding region which is known as an imprinting center. The full-length nature of these transcripts is yet to be determined but multiple transcription initiation sites have been identified and large scale alternative splicing takes place in the 5' untranslated region. An alternate exon which substitutes for exon 4 and leads to a truncated, monocistronic transcript was identified. Deletion or alternative splicing produced by a translocation event in the 5' UTR or coding region of this gene results in Prader-Willi syndrome or Angelman syndrome because of parental imprint switch failure.

The protein encoded by LAMP2 belongs to a family of membrane glycoproteins. This glycoprotein provides selectins with carbohydrate ligands LAMP2 takes part in tumor cell metastasis and in addition has a role in the protection, maintenance, and adhesion of the lysosome. The effect of alternative splicing of this gene is multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins.

Tyrosylprotein Sulfotransferase 2 (TPST2) is a member of the protein sulfotransferase family. TPST2 is a widely expressed protein, which catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic regions of proteins. The TPST2 protein is a type II integral membrane protein located in the Golgi body.

CDC37, His protein is extremely parallel to Cdc 37, a cell division cycle control protein of Sacchromyces cerevisiae. CDC37 is a molecular chaperone with a detailed role in cell signal transduction. CDC37 forms a complex with Hsp90 and several protein kinases including CDK4, CDK6, SRC, RAF-1, MOK, and eIF2 alpha kinases CDC37 has a vital part in directing Hsp90 to its target kinases.

Prolactin is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized primarily by the pituitary gland but also a variety of other cell types including the placenta, brain and uterus. Its primary function is to promote and maintain lactation but has also been shown to have a role in breast cancer development, regulation of reproductive function and immunoregulation.

Glypican 4, also known as GPC4, is part of a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) which take part in the control of cell division and growth regulation. GPC4 is broadly expressed in human tissues, including lung, kidney, heart, placenta, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. In addition, GPC4 has been shown to be present in astrocytes, haematopoietic-progenitor and bone-marrow-stromal cells.

Canopy FGF Signaling Regulator 1, also known as CNPY1, is expressed in the midbrain-hindbrain (MHB) boundary in zebrafish. CNPY1, which binds FGFR1, also takes part in FGF signaling.

Meteorin (METRN) is involved in both glial cell differentiation and axonal network formation during neurogenesis. METRN promotes astrocyte differentiation and transforms cerebellar astrocytes into radial glia. Moreover, the METRN protein stimulates axonal extension in small and intermediate neurons of sensory ganglia by activating nearby satellite glia.

Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 2 (SDF2) is a secretory protein which is partly similar to the hydrophilic segments of yeast mannosyltransferases. SDF2 protein’s expression is ubiquitous and the gene is rather conserved among mammals. SDF2 is a protein-coding gene whose alternative splicing results in coding and non-coding variants.

TDP1 belongs to the phospholipase D family and contains two PLD phosphodiesterase domains. TDP1 is involved in repairing stalled topoisomerase I-DNA complexes by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond between the tyrosine residue of topoisomerase I and the 3-prime phosphate of DNA. TDP1 may also remove glycolate from single-stranded DNA containing 3-prime phosphoglycolate, suggesting a role in repair of free-radical mediated DNA double-strand breaks. Mutations in the TDP1 gene are linked to the disease spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN1).

Tropomyosin beta chain isoform 2 is affiliate to the actin filament binding protein family which primarily expressed in slow, type 1 muscle fibers. Mutations in TPM2 can change the expression of other sarcomeric tropomyosin proteins, and cause cap disease, nemaline myopathy and distal arthrogryposis syndromes.

LAMTOR4 is implicated in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, which is a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. LAMTOR4 is activated by amino acids via a mechanism which involves the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases both function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is sequentially activated.

GINS4, a member of the GINS4/SLD5 family, has a key part in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS4 is significant for GINS complex assembly. GINS complex connects favorably to singlestranded DNA. Recombinant human GINS4 protein, fused to His-tag at N-terminus was purified by using conventional chromatography techniques.

ZW10 Interacting Kinetochore Protein (ZWINT) is involved in kinetochore function. ZWINT is part of the MIS12 complex, which is essential for kinetochore formation and spindle checkpoint activity. ZWINT is localized to the cytoplasm during interphase and to kinetochores from late prophase to anaphase. ZWINT interacts with ZW10 (Zeste White 10) and regulates the association between ZW10 and kinetochores. ZWINT gene defects are linked with the pathogenesis of Roberts’s syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation due to premature chromosome separation.

S100A9 is part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100A9 protein is localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and participates in the regulation of several cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include no less than 13 proteins which are localized as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. S100A9 is involved in the inhibition of casein kinase and altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis.

Delta-Like4, also known as DLL4 is implicated in the Notch signaling pathway as Notch ligand. Consequently DLL4 negatively regulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration as well as angiogenic sprouting. DLL4 is vital for retinal progenitor proliferation and also required for suppressing rod fates in late retinal progenitors and for proper generation of other retinal cell types. Furthermore, at some stage in the spinal cord neurogenesis, DLL4 inhibits V2a interneuron fate.