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CD5 is a suitable immunohistochemical marker for T-cells, though not as sensitive as CD3. Approximately 76% of T-cell neoplasms are reported to express CD5, and it is also observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and mantle cell lymphoma cells. CD5 is commonly lost in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and its deficiency can be used as an indicator of malignancy in this condition. CD5’s absence in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, though relatively rare, is linked with a poor prognosis. CD5 serves as a receptor in regulating T-cell proliferation.

Tetraspanin 7, also known as TSPAN7, is part of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, which is also familiar as the tetraspanin family. Most of these proteins mediate signal transduction events which play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth as well as motility. Furthermore, TSPAN7 is associated with X-linked mental retardation in addition to neuropsychiatric diseases such as Huntington's chorea, fragile X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Lately, TSPAN7 has been acknowledged as a key immune system target in type 1 diabetes.

LAYN, also known as Layilin, contains 1 c-type lectin domain. This protein is receptor for hyaluronate and Interacts with NF2, RDX and TLN1. The C-terminal domain interacts with the N-terminal domain of RDX.

Borrelia belongs to a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Borrelia causes borreliosis, which is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted mainly by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species. Of the 36 known species of Borrelia, 12 are distinguished to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The main Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii. The Borrelia genus members have a linear chromosome which is about 900 kbp in length as well as an excess of both linear and circular plasmids in the 5-220 kbp size range. The plasmids are atypical, as compared to most bacterial plasmids, since they contain many paralogous sequences, a large number of pseudogenes and, in some cases, essential genes. Moreover, a number of the plasmids have features suggesting that they are prophages.

DPP4 also called adenosine deaminase complexing protein-2, and T-cell activation antigen CD26 is a serine exopeptidase and complex enzyme that is expressed on the surface of most cell types. DPPIV is an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein and a serine exopeptidase that cleaves X-proline dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. DPP4 plays a role in t-cell activation. DPP4 is associated with intracellular signal transduction, apoptosis and involved in tumor biology. There are at least 63 substrates which can bind specifically to DPP4 enzyme including growth factors, chemokines, neuro peptides. Furthermore, DPP4 plays a major role in glucose metabolism by cleaving incretins such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1.

CD33 is putative adhesion molecule of myelomonocytic-derived cells which mediates sialic-acid dependent binding to cells. CD33 prefers to bind to alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid. The sialic acid recognition site is masked by cis interactions with sialic acids on the same cell surface. In the immune response, CD33 perform as an inhibitory receptor upon ligand induced tyrosine phosphorylation by recruiting cytoplasmic phosphatases through their SH2 domains which block signal transduction through dephosphorylation of signaling molecules. In addition, CD33 induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia.

Histone H2A.Z (H2AFZ) belongs to the histone H2A family. Histones are basic nuclear proteins which are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). H2AFZ is implicated in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin and vital for chromosome segregation during cell division. Moreover, variant Histone H2A, which takes the place of conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Studies in mice have demonstrated that this particular histone is essential for embryonic development and show that lack of functional histone H2A leads to embryonic lethality.

Podoplanin is a small mucin-like type-1 transmembrane protein, typically expressed in various specialized cell types throughout the body. Podoplanin is a type-I integral membrane glycoprotein with diverse distribution in human tissues. PDPN physiological function is related to its mucin-type character. The homologous protein in other species has been described as a differentiation antigen and influenza-virus receptor.
PDPN is expressed in lymphatic progenitor cells and afterwards during mouse development in lymphatic endothelial cells. Podoplanin is a specific marker for lymph vessel endothelial cells. Over-expression of podoplanin significantly elevates endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and tube formation. Inhibition of Podoplanin expression decreases cell adhesion in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells. Podoplanin is used as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium in histopathology.
Podoplanin expression is increased in nearly all human colon, rectum, and small intestine tumors. AGGRUS may serve as a diagnostic marker that distinguishes seminomas, the majority of which over express the protein, from embryonal carcinoma in testicular germ cell tumors.

Fas and Fas Ligand (FasL) are members of the TNF superfamily and are type I and type II transmembrane proteins, respectively. Binding of FasL to Fas initiates apoptosis in Fas-bearing cells. The apoptosis mechanism involves the recruitment of pro-caspase 8 through an adaptor molecule named FADD followed by processing of the pro-enzyme to active forms. These active caspases subsequently cleave a variety of cellular substrates leading to the eventual cell death. sFasR is able to inhibit FasL-induced apoptosis by acting as a decoy receptor whicht serves as a sink for FasL. The full length Fas Receptor is a 319 a.a type I transmembrane protein, which contains a 157 a.a extracellular domain, a 17 a.a transmembrane domain, and 145 a.a cytoplasmic domain. The mature human Fas ECD shares 55%, 58%, a.a sequence identity with the mouse, rat, Fas, respectively.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

EEF1A1 is an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible forthe enzymatic release of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. EEF1A1 is expressed in brain, placenta, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas, and the other isoform (alpha 2) is expressed in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. EEF1A1 is recognized as an autoantigen in 66% of patients with Felty syndrome. EEF1A1 has multiple copies on numerous chromosomes, part of them, if not all, symbolize different pseudogenes. Among the diseases associated with EEF1A1 are tinea nigra and andcervical cancer.

RAB5A is a member of RAS oncogene family. The small GTPase, RAB5A is a crucial regulatory component of the endocytic pathway. Activation of RAB5A is mediated by GDP-GTP exchange factors (GEFs) that generate the Rab5-GTP complex). RAB5A is required for the fusion of plasma membranes and early endosomes.

AKR1C4 is a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily that has over 40 known enzymes and proteins. AKR1C4 enables the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by using NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. AKR1C4 takes part in the bioreduction of chlordecone, a toxic organochlorine pesticide, to chlordecone alcohol in liver.

TNFRSF13B (TACI) is a transmembrane receptor protein found predominantly on the surface of B cells (a significant part of the immune system). TACI was at first discovered owing to its ability to interact with calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand (CAML). Later on, it was found that TACI plays a key role in humoral immunity by interacting with two members of the TNF family. Also, TACI controls T cell-independent B cell antibody responses, isotype switching, and B cell homeostasis.

CD84 belongs to the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family which forms a subset of the greater CD2 cell-surface receptor Ig superfamily. CD84, a membrane glycoprotein, is a homophilic adhesion molecule found in various immune cells types and takes part in regulating receptor-mediated signaling in those cells.

CD37 belongs to the transmembrane 4 superfamily, otherwise known as the tetraspanin family. Most of its members are cell-surface proteins which are distinguished by the presence of 4 hydrophobic domains. These proteins mediate signal transduction events which have a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility. CD37 protein is a cell surface glycoprotein which is known to form complexes with integrins and other transmembrane 4 superfamily proteins. CD37 may also havea role in T-cell-B-cell interactions.

CD3-epsilonpolypeptide (CD3E) along with CD3-gamma, -delta and -zeta, and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, creates the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. This complex has an imperative role in coupling antigen recognition to a number of intracellular signal-transduction pathways. The genes encoding the epsilon, gamma delta polypeptides are found in the same cluster on chromosome 11. The epsilon polypeptide plays a vital role in T-cell development. CD3E gene defects cause immunodeficiency. CD3E is also linked to a susceptibility to type I diabetes in women.

RAB3A Interacting Protein Like 1 (RAB3IL1) is a 382 amino acid protein which is a member of the SEC2 family. RAB3IL1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab3A. RAB3IL1 competes for interaction with Rab3A and IHPK1 via its coiled coil domain, which doesn’t involve IHPK1 kinase activity.

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a ligand molecule which induces apoptosis. It is a type II transmembrane protein with homology to other members of the tumor necrosis factor family.
In humans, the gene that encodes for TRAIL is located at chromosome 3q26. TRAIL binds to the death receptors, DR4 and DR5. The process of apoptosis is caspase-8-dependent. This protein preferentially induces apoptosis in transformed and tumor cells, but does not appear to kill normal cells although it is expressed at a significant level in most normal tissues.

SARS Associated Coronavirus Envelope is a small membrane protein that takes major part in the life cycle of the virus. This protein is needed for the assembly, budding, creation of the envelope and pathogenesis. This protein contains 3 outer structural proteins, the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to assure viral entry thetarget cells. Accordingly, S-protein has a major part in virus infection cycle and is the mainly target of neutralizing antibodies.

LYVE-1 has been identified as a major receptor for HA (extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan) on the lymph vessel wall. The deduced amino acid sequence of LYVE-1 predicts a 322-residue type I integral membrane polypeptide 41% similar to the CD44 HA receptor with a 212-residue extracellular domain containing a single Link module the prototypic HA binding domain of the Link protein superfamily. Like CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule binds both soluble and immobilized HA. However, unlike CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule colocalizes with HA on the luminal face of the lymph vessel wall and is completely absent from blood vessels. Hence, LYVE-1 is the first lymph-specific HA receptor to be characterized and is a uniquely powerful marker for lymph vessels themselves.

NMRAL1 is a redox sensor protein which goes through reformation and subcellular rearrangement in reaction to alterations in intracellular NADPH/NADP+ levels. When the NADPH concentration is low the protein is found mostly as a monomer, and binds argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1), which takes part in nitric oxide synthesis. Association with ASS1 defects NMRAL1 activity and diminishes the production of nitric oxide, which then inhibits apoptosis. When the NADPH concentration is normal , the protein is found as a dimer and hides the binding site for ASS1.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.