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DDIT3 reduces DNA-binding activity of C/EBP and lap by forming heterodimers which don’t bind DNA. DDIT3, also known as GADD153, is a basic domain-leucine zipper(bZIP) transcription factor of C/EBP family. DDIT3 protein is up-regulated by several stresses, such as amino acid or glucose starvation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, osmotic stress and hypoxia. DDIT3 protein is invloved in ER stress-mediated apoptosis and in disease including diabetes, brain ischemia and neurodegenerative disease. DDIT3 plays a role in asoprisnil-induced apoptosis. Hypoglycaemia-induced necrotic cell death of neuroblastoma cells is an active process mediated via the induction of the transcription factor DDIT3. DDIT3 plays an important role in melanoma progression. HRG stimulation of mammary epithelial cells induces the expression of DDIT3 mRNA and protein and transcription of DDIT3 promoter.

SERPINH1 is part of the serpin superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors. SEPINH1 expression is induced by heat shock. HSP47 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and binds collagen therefore it is a molecular chaperone which takes part in the maturation of collagen molecules, facilitating the folding and assembly of procollagen molecules, retaining unfolded molecules within the ER, and assisting the transport of correctly folded-molecules from the ER to Golgi apparatus. Autoantibodies to HSP47 protein have been found in rheumatoid arthritis. SERPINH1 binds specifically to collagen and acts as a chaperone in the biosynthetic pathway of collagen.

Annexin A11 (ANXA11) belongs to the annexin family, which is a group of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. Annexins have distinctive N-terminal domains and conserved C-terminal domains, which contain the calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding sites. Annexin A11 binds specifically to calcyclin in a calcium-dependent manner. Moreover, ANXA11 is required for midbody formation and completion of the terminal phase of cytokinesis. The ANXA11 protein is a 56kDa antigen recognized by sera from patients with various autoimmune diseases.

Annexin A13 (ANXA13) belongs to the annexin protein family, whose members play a role in cytoskeletal interactions, phospholipase inhibition, regulation of cellular growth, and intracellular signal transduction pathways. ANXA13 is believed to be the original originator of the 12 members of vertebrate annexins. ANXA13 expression is decidedly tissue-specific, being expressed only in intestinal and kidney epithelial cells. This expression is linked with a highly differentiated intracellular transport function.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2) belongs to the SFRP family which contains a cysteine-rich domain homologous to the putative Wnt-binding site of Frizzled proteins. SFRP2 function as soluble modulators of Wnt signaling. Methylation of SFRP2 is a possible marker for the existence of colorectal cancer.

The transcription of heat-shock genes is rapidly induced after temperature stress in response to environmental changes, and it is also involved in oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and placental development. Hsp90, is a major repressor of HSF1 gene. HSF1 is known for its participation in heat shock response. HSF1 protein regulates the transcription of hundreds of targets, such as genes involved in protein folding, detoxification, energy generation, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell wall organization.
HSF1 binds to MTA1 in vitro & in breast carcinoma. Suppression of estrogen-dependent transcription may contribute to role of HSF1 in cancer.
Human cancer lines of diverse origins express higher dependence on HSF1 function to maintain proliferation and survival than their non-transformed counterparts.
HSF1 induces anticoagulation and relaxation factors in vascular endothelial cells and could therefore be used to treat cardiovascular disease. HSF1 is directly involved in the regulation of HO1 having an anti-oxidative role.
NF-kappaB and HSF1 are systemically activated in human acute pancreatitis.
HSF1 activation protects against severity of pancreatitis.
HSF is a vital transcription factor which plays a role in up-regulation of VDUP1 expression through stresses such as elevated density and serum deprivation cultures.

SH3 domain-binding glutamic acid-rich-like protein 3 (SH3BGRL3) which is located on chromosome 1p34.3-35, encodes for a small 93 amino acids protein. SH3BGRL3 is the newest member of thioredoxin super family, whose posttranslational altered form was recognized as TNF-alpha inhibitory protein. SH3BGRL3 may act as a regulator in all-trans retinoic acid-induced pathway and also as a modulator of glutaredoxin biological activity.

SH3-Domain GRB2-Like 3, also known as SH3GL3, is a part of the endophilin family. SH3GL3 contains 1 BAR domain and 1 SH3 domain and takes part in endocytosis. SH3GL3 is a protein coding gene which drafts proteins with high curvature to membranes.

SHC1 is a member of the SH2 domain family. SHC1 is vital to the regulation of apoptosis and drug resistance in mammalian cells. SHC1 is a signaling adapter which links activated growth factor receptors to signaling pathway. SHC1 is found in neural stem cells but not in mature neurons.

ICAM-1 also called CD54 is a single chain membrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of a variety of non-haematopoietic and haematopoietic cell types and has roles in signal transduction, cell signaling and lymphocyte adhesion. ICAM1 binds to integrins such as CD11a / CD18, or CD11b / CD18. ICAM1 is also used by Rhinovirus as a receptor. ICAM-1 is an intercellular adhesion molecule constantly present in low concentrations in the membranes of leukocytes and endothelial cells. When stimulated by cytokine the concentrations significantly increase. ICAM-1 can be stimulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) and is expressed by the vascular endothelium, macrophages and lymphocytes. ICAM-1 is a ligand for LFA-1 which is a receptor found on leukocytes. Upon activation, leukocytes bind to endothelial cells via ICAM-1/LFA-1 and then transmigrate into tissues.
ICAM-1 is implicated in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Levels of ICAM-1 are shown to be notably elevated in patients with SAH.
Soluble ICAM-1 is detectable in the plasma and is elevated in patients with various inflammatory conditions.

a-Synuclein (amino acids 1-140), an acidic neuronal protein of 140 amino acids, is extremely heat-resistant and is natively unfolded with an extended structure primarily composed of random coils. a-synuclein has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, and more recently, to be an important regulatory component of vesicular transport in neuronal cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a-synuclein has chaperone activity and that this activity is lost upon removing its C-terminal acidic tail (amino acids 96-140).

a-Synuclein (amino acids 1-140), an acidic neuronal protein of 140 amino acids, is extremely heat-resistant and is natively unfolded with an extended structure primarily composed of random coils. a-synuclein has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, and more recently, to be an important regulatory component of vesicular transport in neuronal cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a-synuclein has chaperone activity and that this activity is lost upon removing its C-terminal acidic tail (amino acids 96-140).

Syntaxin-1, synaptobrevin, and SNAP25 cooperate to form the SNARE complex, which is needed for synaptic vesicle docking and fusion SNPH is a neuron-specific protein originally characterized as a binding partner of syntaxin-1. SNPH participates with SNAP25 for the binding to Syntaxin-1 and prevents the construction of the SNARE core complex, thus manageling free syntaxin-1 availability for the assembly of the SNARE complex and potentially regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Expression Syntaphilin appears to be brain-specific. SNPH is an inhibitor of both SNARE-based fusion and dynamin-mediated endocytosis.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H (EIF4H) is a 248 amino acid protein which localizes to the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm and is expressed as 2 isoforms, termed short and long. EIF4H functions to stimulate the initiation of protein synthesis at the level of mRNA employment. EIF4H stimulates the RNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by EIF4A and EIF4B. EIF4H gene defects linked to Williams- Beuren syndrome (WBS), a rare developmental disorder characterized by cardiovascular and musculo-skeletal abnormalities and caused by the deletion of contiguous genes at 7q11.23.

IL3 is a potent growth promoting cytokine. This cytokine is capable of supporting the proliferation of a broad range of hematopoietic cell types. It is involved in a variety of cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. This cytokine has been shown to also possess neurotrophic activity, and it may be associated with neurologic disorders.

THAP Domain Containing, Apoptosis Associated Protein 7 (THAP7) holds one THAP-type zinc finger. THAP7 is a chromatin-associated, histone tail-binding protein which represses transcription by recruiting HDAC3 and nuclear hormone receptor corepressors.

Inhibitor of Growth Family Member 1, also known as ING1 is a tumor suppressor protein which is able to induce cell growth arrest and apoptosis. ING1 is a nuclear protein which physically act together with the tumor suppressor protein TP53 and is a component of the p53 signaling pathway. In addition, Reduced expression and rearrangement of ING1 have been identified in various cancers. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described for ING1.

Human CCL16, also called HCC-4, liver-expressed chemokine (LEC), and lymphocyte and monocyte chemoattractant (LMC), is a novel CC chemokine recognized by bioinformatics. NCC-4 cDNA encodes a 120 amino acids along with a 23 amino acids signal peptide that is cleaved to generate 97 amino acid protein. HCC4 is vaguely related to other CC chemokines, showing less than 30% sequence identity. Among CC chemokines, CCL-16 has the largest similarity to HCC-1. 2 potential polyadenylation signals are present on the human HCC-4 gene, and as a result, 2 transcripts containing roughly 1,500 base pairs and 500 base pairs have been detected. HCC-4 is expressed weakly by some lymphocytes, including NK cells, T cells, and some T cell clones. The expression of HCC-4 in monocytes is greatly upregulated in the presence of IL-10.
CCL16 shows chemotactic activity for lymphocytes and monocytes rather than to neutrophils. NCC-4 has potent myelosuppressive activity, suppresses proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. CCL16 demonstrates chemotactic activity for monocytes and thp-1 monocytes, rather than for resting lymphocytes and neutrophils. HCC-4 induces a calcium flux in thp-1 cells that desensitized prior to the expression of rantes.

PHPT1 is a member of the Janus protein familyand is 125 amino acid long. PHPT1 appears as a monomer in the cytoplasm and is an EDTA-insensitive phosphohistidine phosphatase. Overexpression of PHPT1 resolts in specific phosphohistidine phosphatase activity towards phosphopeptide I, with no activity detected towards phosphotyrosine, phosphothreonine and phosphoserine peptides.

Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) is a protein tyrosine kinase which takes part in a specific subset of cytokine receptor signaling pathways such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. JAK2 is linked with the prolactin receptor and is necessary for responses to gamma IFN. Mice which do not express an active protein for JAK2 show embryonic lethality associated with the absence of definitive erythropoiesis.

Ferritin is a fairly large, iron-storage heteropolymeric protein composed of 2 subunit types, light Ferritin & heavy Ferritin polypeptides, which is expressed in most kinds of cells and co-assemble in different proportion in a tissue-specific manner. Ferritin is composed of 24 self-assembled polypeptide subunits of the heavy and light ferritin chains and is characterized by the capacity to remove Fe (II) from solution in the presence of oxygen.
Ferritin light polypeptide protein is the main intracellular iron storage protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Variation in ferritin subunit composition influence the rates of iron uptake and release in various tissues. A key function of ferritin is the storage of iron in a soluble and nontoxic state. Defects in this light chain ferritin gene are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and hyper ferrit anemia-cataract syndrome.
Ferritin stores iron in a soluble, nontoxic, readily accessible form. Ferritin is needed for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after it has been oxidized.

Pleckstrin Homology Domain Containing Family F Member 2, also known as PLEKHF2, contains 1 FYVE-type zinc finger and 1 PH domain. PLEKHF2 takes part in early endosome fusion upstream of RAB5, regulates receptor trafficking and fluid-phase transport. PLEKHF2 increases cellular sensitivity to TNF-induced apoptosis.

DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17 (KIN17) is a nuclear protein which constructs intranuclear foci for the duration of proliferation and is reallocated in the nucleoplasm during the cell cycle. KIN17 is ubiqutiously expressed having the highest levels of expression in the muscle, heart and testis. SV40- altered fibroblasts overexpress KIN17, which interacts with Large T antigen and decreases T-antigen-dependent DNA replication.

Translin is a DNA and RNA binding protein that identifies specifically preserved target sequences at the breakpoint junction of chromosomal translocations. TSN forms a ring-shaped configuration, that is in charge of DNA binding, and in addition has a leucine zipper motif, which is believed to assist TSN to form dimers. TSN exports specific mRNAs out of the nucleus, reinforced by its localization in both the nuclei and cytoplasm of neurons, and regulates their translation.