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Four and a half LIM domains 3 (FHL3) belongs to a family of proteins containing a four-and-a-half LIM domain, which is a highly conserved double zinc finger motif. FHL3 has been shown to interact with the cancer developmental regulators SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4, the skeletal muscle myogenesis protein MyoD, and the high-affinity IgE beta chain regulator MZF-1. FHL3 is involved in tumor suppression, repression of MyoD expression, and repression of IgE receptor expression. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Leukocyte Immunoglobulin Like Receptor B1 (LILRB1) is a member of the leukocyteimmunoglobulinlike receptor (LIR) family. LILRB1is expressed on immune cells, binds to MHC classI molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immuneresponse. LILRB1 controls inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity to help focus the immune responseand limit autoreactivity. LILRB1 is also expressed on the surface of B cells and monocytes, subsets of NKcells, gamma δ T cells,memory/effector CD8+ T cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

GOLM1 is a type II Golgi transmembrane protein. GOLM1 processes protein synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and aids in transporting protein cargo through the Golgi apparatus. The expression of this encoded protein was shown to be upregulated in response to viral infection. Additionally, since GOLM1 is highly regulated in cells, it can be used as a molecular biomarker for cancer.

WWOX is a proapoptotic protein and a tumor suppressor protein. WWOX is found in all eukaryotes and involved in the regulation of a broad range of cellular functions such as protein degradation, transcription, and RNA splicing. WWOX functions synergistically with TP53/p53 to control genotoxic stress-induced cell death. WWOX takes part in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell death. Loss of WWOX expression is associated with pancreatobiliary cancers. Reduced expression levels of WWOX protein is associated with the pathogenesis of basal-like differentiation in breast cancer. Loss of WWOX expression is associated with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. WWOX gene alteration is an early genetic alteration contributes to oral carcinogenesis. WWOX induces apoptosis and inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through a mechanism enhanced by JNK inhibition.

Glycoprotein Nmb (GPNMB) is a member of the PMEL/NMB family. GPNMB is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which exhibits homology to the pMEL17 precursor, a melanocyte-specific protein. GPNMB is expressed in the lowly metastatic human melanoma cell lines and xenografts but has no expression in the highly metastatic cell lines. GPNMB might be involved in growth delay and reduction of metastatic potential. GPNMB is up-regulated in a number of cancer cells, including in glioblastoma multiforme. GPNMB is expressed in many melanoma cells, as well as in tissue macrophages, including liver Kuppfer cells and lung alveolar macrophages, in podocytes and in some cells of the ciliary body of the eye (at protein level). GPNMB is hardly detectable in the healthy brain.

Transforming growth factor betas (TGFBetas) mediate many cell-cell interactions that occur during embryonic development. Three TGFBetas have been identified in mammals. TGFBeta1, TGFBeta2 and TGFBeta3 are each synthesized as precursor proteins that are very similar in that each is cleaved to yield a 112 amino acid polypeptide that remains associated with the latent portion of the molecule.

S100A6 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. S100 proteins are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. S100A6 function in stimulation of prolactin secretion and exocytosis. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of the S100A6 gene are implicated in melanoma.

Cytohesin 1 also known as CYTH1 belongs to the PSCD family. CYTH1 is responsible for promoting guanine-nucleotide exchange on ARF1 and ARF5 and also promotes the activation of ARF factors by the replacement of GDP with GTP.

Family with Sequence Similarity 107, Member B (FAM107B) which is a part of the FAM107 family, is expressed in most tissues in the human body. FAM107B exists in all stages of human development.

Complement Component 4 Binding Protein, Beta (C4BPB) belongs to a superfamily of proteins composed primarily of tandemly arrayed short consensus repeats of approximately 60 amino acids. C4BPB has a regulatory role in the coagulation system also, mediated via the beta-chain binding of protein S, a vitamin K-dependent protein which functions as a cofactor of activated protein C. A single, unique beta-chain of the C4BPB assembles with 7 identical alpha-chains into the principal isoform of C4BPB, which is a multimeric protein that controls activation of the complement cascade via the classical pathway. C4BPB binds as a cofactor to C3b/C4b inactivator (C3bINA), which subsequently hydrolyzes the complement fragment C4b. In addition, C4BPB accelerates the degradation of the C4bC2a complex (C3 convertase) by detaching the complement fragment C2a. Furthermore, C4BPB interacts with anticoagulant protein S and with serum amyloid P component.

TIE-1 (tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains 1) and TIE-2/Tek comprise a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) subfamily with unique structural characteristics: two immunoglobulin-like domains flanking three epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains and followed by three fibronectin type III-like repeats in the extracellular region and a split tyrosine kinase domain in the cytoplasmic region. These receptors are expressed primarily on endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cells and play critical roles in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. Human TIE-1 cDNA encodes a 1122 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with an 18 residue putative signal peptide, a 726 residue extracellular domain and a 353 residue cytoplasmic domain. Two ligands, angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), which bind TIE-2 with high-affinity have been identified. Ang2 has been reported to act as an antagonist for Ang1. Mice engineered to overexpress Ang2 or to lack Ang1 or Tie-1 display similar angiogenic defects.

Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMVK) is a cytosolic enzyme. PMVK is expressed highly in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas and slightly lower in the brain, placenta, and lung. PMVK catalyzes the conversion of mevalonate 5-phosphate into mevalonate 5-diphosphate in the fifth reaction of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Induced by sterol, PMVK participates in isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis via the mevalonate pathway.

Polymerase (DNA Directed), Epsilon 3, also know as POLE3, is a histone-fold protein which interacts with other histone-fold proteins to bind DNA in a sequence-independent manner. These histone-fold protein dimers merge into larger enzymatic complexes for DNA transcription, replication, and packaging.

GNLY is part of the SAPLIP family and is located in the cytotoxic granules of T cells, which are discharged upon antigen stimulation. GNLY is localized in cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and it has antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis and other organisms. GNLY is an antimicrobial protein that kills intracellular pathogens. GNLY is active against a wide range of microbes, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Lumican also known as LUM belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family which comprises decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, keratocan, epiphycan, and osteoglycin. Furthermore we can see that in these bifunctional molecules, the protein moiety binds collagen fibrils and the highly charged hydrophilic glycosaminoglycans regulate interfibrillar spacings. Lumican is the main keratan sulfate proteoglycan of the cornea however LUM is also distributed in interstitial collagenous matrices throughout the body. Lumican regulates collagen fibril organization and circumferential growth, corneal transparency, epithelial cell migration and tissue repair. Among the diseases associated with LUM is posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy.

Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn (LYN) belongs to the src family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, which is primarily expressed in haematopoietic tissues. LYN protein is involved in induction of stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), but not ERK or p38 MAPK, in response to genotoxic agents. LYN protein stimulates SAPK by a MKK7- and MEKK1-dependent mechanism. The LYN - MEKK1 - MKK7 - SAPK pathway is efficient in the induction of apoptosis by genotoxic agents.

WW Domain Containing Transcription Regulator 1 (WWTR1) is a transcriptional coactivator that plays a role as a downstream regulatory target in the Hippo signaling pathway which participates in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. WWTR1 regulates the nuclear accumulation of SMADS and has a main part in coupling them to the transcriptional machinery like the mediator complex. WWTR1 is also regulates embryonic stem-cell self-renewal.

Ribosomes are the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis, they’re comprised of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Ribosomal Protein L11 (RPL11) is a member of the L5P family of ribosomal proteins. RPL11 is a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 60S subunit. RPL11 is found in the cytoplasm. The RPL11 protein most likely associates with the 5S rRNA.

Complement Factor B, also known as CFB, encodes complement factor B which is a component of the alternative pathway of complement activation. Factor B circulates in the blood as a single chain polypeptide. Once the alternative pathway is activated it is cleaved by complement factor D yielding the noncatalytic chain Ba and the catalytic subunit Bb. The active subunit Bb is a serine protease which connects with C3b to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase. Also, Bb is involved in the proliferation of preactivated B lymphocytes, while Ba inhibits their proliferation.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative bacillus-shaped bacterium, which is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Y.Enterocolitica is motile at temperatures between 22-29°C, however becomes non-motile at normal human body temperature. Y. Enterocolitica infection causes the yersiniosis disease, which is an animal-borne disease occurring in humans, as well as in a various groups of animals such as cattle, deer, pigs, and birds. Yersinia enterocolitica is a heterogeneous group of strains, which are conventionally classified by bio-typing into six bio-groups on the basis of phenotypic characteristics, and by serotyping into more than 57 “O” serogroups, on the basis of their O (lipopolysaccharide or LPS) surface antigen. Five of the six biogroups (1B and 2–5) are considered as pathogens. Nevertheless, only a few of these serogroups have been linked with disease in either humans or animals. Strains which belong to serogroups O:3 (biogroup 4), O:5,27 (biogroups 2 and 3), O:8 (biogroup 1B), and O:9 (biogroup 2) are most frequently isolated worldwide from human samples. Still, the main Y. enterocolitica serogroup in many European countries is serogroup O:3 followed by O:9, whereas the serogroup O:8 is mostly detected in the United States.

Creatine Kinase BB is a cytoplasmic enzyme involved in energy homeostasis. The encoded protein reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens such as creatine phosphate. It acts as a homodimer in brain as well as in other tissues, and as a heterodimer with a similar muscle isozyme in heart. The encoded protein is a member of the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase protein family. A pseudogene of this gene has been characterized.

WIF1 binds to wnt proteins and inhibits their activities. WIF1 plays a role in mesoderm segmentation. WNT proteins are extracellular signaling molecules that take part in the control of embryonic development & cancer. WIF1 protein contains a WNT inhibitory factor (WIF) domain and 5 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. WIF1 takes part in mesoderm segmentation. WIF1 protein is found to be present in fish, amphibia and mammals. WIF1 is a recurrent target in human salivary gland oncogenesis. Downregulation of WIF1 takes part in the development and progression of pleomorphic adenomas. WIF1 is a tumor suppressor, specifically in nonfunctioning pituitary tumors.

Delta-Like4, also known as DLL4 is implicated in the Notch signaling pathway as Notch ligand. Consequently DLL4 negatively regulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration as well as angiogenic sprouting. DLL4 is vital for retinal progenitor proliferation and also required for suppressing rod fates in late retinal progenitors and for proper generation of other retinal cell types. Furthermore, at some stage in the spinal cord neurogenesis, DLL4 inhibits V2a interneuron fate.

Glia Maturation Factor-Beta (GMF-Beta) is a 17 kDa protein nerve gorwth factor identified as a growth and differentiation factor in the vertebrate brain.
Glia Maturation Factor-Beta stimulates differentiation of normal neurons as well as glial cells. GMFB inhibits the proliferation of the N-18 neuroblastoma line and the C6 glioma line while promoting their phenotypic expression.
GMF-beta inhances the phenotypic expression of glia & neurons thus inhibits the proliferation of their respective tumors when added to cell culture. Although astrocytes produce GMF-b and stores it inside the cells, they don’t secrete the GMF-B into the cultured medium. Cell- surface GMFb acts on the target cells at close range when cells are in direct contact. GMF-Beta is produced by thymic epithelial cells and plays an important role in T cell development in favor of CD4+ T cells.
GMF-Beta is a brain-specific protein which belongs to the actin-binding proteins (ADF) family. GMF-beta appears to play a role in the differentiation, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system. It also supports the progression of certain auto-immune diseases, possibly through its ability to induce the production and secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines.