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S100A16 belongs to the S100 protein super family containing calcium-binding EF-hand motifs. S100 proteins are cell and tissue specific and are engaged in various intra and extracellular processes through interacting with specific target proteins. The S100A16 expression is astrocyte-specific. S100A16 accumulates within nucleoli and translocates to the cytoplasm in reaction to Ca(2+) stimulation. S100A16 physically interacts with tumor suppressor protein p53 (which is a known inhibitor of adipogenesis) as determined Immunoprecipitation analysis.

The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been identified to be secreted by the pituitary gland and the monocyte/macrophage and to play an important role in endotoxic shock. MIF has the unique property of being released from macrophages and T cells in response to physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids. The secretion of MIF is tightly regulated and decreases at high, anti-inflammatory steroid concentration.

S100A8 is a part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a broad range of cells, and participate in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A8 plays a role in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. S100A8 altered expression is related with cystic fibrosis disease. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein that has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.S100A8 is crucial for resistance towards invasion by pathogenic bacteria. S100A8 up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A8 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. S100A8 endorses tubulin polymerization and promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. S100A8 takes part as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

SCG3 belongs to the chromogranin/secretogranin family of neuroendocrine secretory proteins. Though, the function of SCG3 is unknown, Granins operate as precursors for biologically active peptides. Several granins are known to serve as helper proteins in sorting and proteolytic processing of prohormones.

SEC13 is a member of the SEC13 family of WD-repeat proteins. SEC13 is a constituent of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear pore complex. SEC13 is similar to the yeast SEC13 protein that is essential for vesicle biogenesis from endoplasmic reticulum during the transport of proteins. SEC13 interacts with SEC31A and SEC31B. SEC31A colocalizes with SEC13, one of the other components of COPII, in the subcellular structures corresponding to the vesicle transport function.

15 KDa Selenoprotein (SEP15) is a protein-coding gene which contains a selenocysteine (Sec) residue at its active site. Theselenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon that usually signals translation termination. The 3' UTR ofselenoprotein genes have a conventional stem-loop structure, the sec insertion sequence (SECIS), which isnecessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Studies in mouse propose thatthis selenoprotein may have redox function and may be implicated in the quality control of protein folding. This geneis localized on chromosome 1p31, a genetic locus usually mutated or deleted in human cancers.Diseases associated with SEP15 include lung cancer susceptibility, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Recombinant Human Sonic Hedgehog is part of a small group of secreted proteins that are vital for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. 3 mammalian hedgehog genes (sonic, desert, Indian) share about 60% homology. The Human Sonic Hedgehog is 99% homologous to the mouse gene. Sonic HedgeHog is a protein that is vital in guding the early embryo. It has been associated as the major inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Sonic HedgeHog binds to the patched receptor, which functions in association with smoothened, to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of sonic HedgeHog, patched receptor represses the constitutive signaling activity of smoothened. Sonic HedgeHog also regulates another factor, the gli oncogene. Sonic HedgeHog intercellular signal is essential for a various patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Sonic HedgeHog exhibits both floor plate- and motor neuron-inducing activity. Mutations in a long-range Sonic HedgeHog enhancer located in an intron of the limb region 1 gene result in preaxial polydactyly.

SKP is a 17kDa trimeric periplasmic chaperone that supports outer membrane proteins in their folding and insertion into membranes. SKP protein is necessary for the normal release of ompA from the inner membrane, the maintenance of its solubility in the periplasm, and, in association with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), for the efficient folding and insertion of ompA into the outer membrane.

ATP5F1 is a mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of protons all through the inner membrane for the duration of the oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is comprised of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, including the proton channel. The catalytic segment of mitochondrial ATP synthase contains 9 subunits: 3 alpha, 3 beta, and one unit of gamma, delta, and epsilon. The proton route is known to have 9 subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8).

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens.
IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit I (EIF3I) is part of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is essential for numerous steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex links with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2: GTP: methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also essential for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. Among the diseases associated with EIF3I are clonorchiasis, and tonsillitis.

NTAL participates in FCER1 (high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor)-mediated signaling in mast cells. NTAL takes part in BCR (B-cell antigen receptor)-mediated signaling in B-cells and FCGR1 (high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I)-mediated signaling in myeloid cells. Couples activation of these receptors and their associated kinases with distal intracellular events through the recruitment of GRB2.

OCIA domain-containing protein 2 (OCIAD2) is a protein-coding gene which localizes to endosomes and contains one Ovarian carcinoma immunoreactive antigen (OCIA) domain. Among the associated diseases with OCIAD2 are bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma, and ovarian mucinous neoplasm. OCIAD1 is an important paralog of this gene.

SH3 and Cysteine Rich Domain, which is also known as STAC, holds one phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc finger and one SH3 domain. STAC takes part in a neuron-specific signal transduction.

STARD5 is a member of the STARD family of proteins. This family of proteins has 15 different members, all of which hold the distinctive START domain and have a vital part in the metabolism and transport of lipids. The STARD family of proteins has six subfamilies based on their START domain sequences. STARD5 constitute one subfamily, sharing approximately 30% amino acid identity with each other. Even though STARD5 is not sterol-regulated it is induced by endomplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

Sulfotransferase 1C2 (SULT1C2) is a member the sulfotransferase1 superfamily. SULT1C2 catalyzes the transfer of sulfate from PAPS (3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate) to phenol-containing compounds, including hormones and neurotransmitters. A short and a long isoform of SULT1C2 exist as a result of alternative splicing events. Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of various hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds.

TIGAR is a p53-inducible enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose-2-6 bisphosphate (F-2-6-BP) to fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. F-2-6-BP is an influential activator of 6-phosphofructose-1 kinase (the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis). By lowering the intracellular level of F-2-6-BP, TIGAR expression leads to increased glucose processing through the pentose phosphate pathway, the main cellular source for NADPH. Protein transduction using TAT fusion proteins represents an alternative methodology for introducing transcription factors and other intracellular proteins into primary as well as transformed cells.

Rat and mouse FGF-9 show a very high homology to human FGF-9. The transcripts for FGF-9 have been found in brain and in kidney tissue. Fibroblast Growth Factor-9 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGF9 was isolated as a secreted factor that exhibits a growth-stimulating effect on cultured glial cells. In nervous system, this protein is produced mainly by neurons and may be important for glial cell development. Expression of the mouse homolog of this gene was found to be dependent on Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Mice lacking the homolog gene displayed a male-to-female sex reversal phenotype, which suggested a role in testicular embryogenesis Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 may have a role in glial cell growth and differentiation during development, gliosis during repair and regeneration of brain tissue after damage, differentiation and survival of neuronal cells, and growth stimulation of glial tumors.

Growth arrest and DNA Damage-Inducible Protein (GADD45A) binds both Cdks and PCNA. GADD45A is involved in DNA replication and repair. GADD45A stimulates DNA excision repair in vitro and inhibits entry of cells into S phase. GADD45A may serve as a link between p53-dependent cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair. The GADD45A gene belongs to a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. GADD45A responds to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway via MTK1/MEKK4 kinase. GADD45A binds to proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

GAMT is a methyltransferase that transfers guanidoacetate to creatine, using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. Defects GAMT gene result in neurologic syndromes and muscular hypotonia, probably due to creatine deficiency and accumulation of guanidinoacetate in the brain of affected individuals. GAMT take parts in the two-step synthesis of creatine from the protein building blocks glycine, arginine, and methionine. GAMT takes part in supplying the energy for muscle contraction, and is in addition a significant player in nervous system functioning. GAMT is active in the liver, pancreas, and kidne.

POM121 And ZP3 Fusion (POMZP3) is a DNA sequences derived from two distinct loci, particularly through the duplication of 2 internal exons from the POMZP3 gene and 4 3' exons from the ZP3 gene. POMZP3 is a protein-coding gene which lacks the nuclear pore localization motif.

CDC37 is an essential protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is a molecular chaperone with precise function in cell signal transduction. CDC37 forms a complex/associates with Hsp90 molecular chaperone as one of several auxiliary proteins that are collectively referred to as Hsp90 co-chaperones. CDC37 also forms complex with a number of protein kinases such as CDK4, CDK6, SRC, RAF-1, MOK, as well as eIF2 alpha kinases. CDC34 is involved in directing Hsp90 to its target kinases. CDC37 up-regulation is a common early event in some localized human cancers. CDC37 is necessary for maintaining prostate tumor cell growth and represents a novel target in the exploration for multitargeted therapies. CDC37 plays a role in regulating Hsp90 ATPase activity. CDC37 binds to Akt and HSP90 in the signal transduction pathway in human tumor cells. Tnf-induced recruitment and activation of the IKK complex require Cdc37 and Hsp90. CDC37 and heat shock protein 90 bind specifically to the kinase domain of LKB1.