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PSME1 is an interferon gamma (IFNG) inducible proteasome activator essential for presentation of certain major histocompatibility (MHC) class I antigens. The PSME1 complex is an alternate proteasome activator which operates with no use of ubiquitin. The PSME1 complex is made out of two homologous subunits, alpha and beta, that functions in similar catalytic properties and is connected to a hexameric ring.

GSTT1 belongs to a superfamily of proteins which catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a variety of electrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. GSTT1 is one of the GSTs’ four main classes: alpha, mu, pi and theta (which includes GSTT1 and GSTT2). GSTT1 is involved in activation and detoxification reactions and catalyzes the conjugation of industrial chemicals, such as epoxybutane, ethylene oxides, halomethane with glutathione. GSTT1 is found in erythrocytes, at low levels in the liver as well as in Clara and ciliated cells at the alveolar/bronchiolar junction in the lung. The GSTT1 gene is deficient in 38% of the population. The GSTTI enzyme deficiency might influence the individual risk for development of acquired aplastic anemia and acute myeloid leukemia. The presence or absence of the GSTT1 gene is concurrent with GSST1+ (the conjugator) and GSTT1- (the non-conjugator) phenotypes correspondingly. The GSTT1+ phenotype is able to catalyze the glutathione conjugation of dichloromethane. GSTT1-null genotypes are seen as having a higher risk of developing leukoplakia. Germline genetic polymorphism in GSTT1 is linked to breast cancer.

p59-Fyn is a member of the protein-tyrosine kinase oncogene family. p59fyn is a membrane-associated non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that belongs to the Src-family of kinases. p59-Fyn encodes a membrane-associated tyrosine kinase which is implicated in the control of cell growth. p59-Fyn associates with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the fyn-binding protein. The unique N-terminal domain of p59fyn interacts with the CD3 and eta chains of the TcR. p59fyn can bind other proteins (p82 and p116) through its SH2 and SH3 domains, which may act as substrates or regulators of fyn activity. p59fyn is highly expressed in brain suggesting that it may have a role in the sensory nervous network and in myelination at early stages of CNS formation. Distinct isoforms exist due to alternative splicing.

GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are synthetic peptides that like GHRH act directly on pituitary somatotrophs to stimulate GH release. Growth hormone (GH) release is stimulated by a variety of synthetic secretagogues, of which growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide (GHRP-6) has been most thoroughly studied; it is thought to have actions at both pituitary and hypothalamic site.

Prolactin is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized primarily by the pituitary gland but also a variety of other cell types including the placenta, brain and uterus. Prolactin is secreted when eating, nursing, mating, estrogen treatment and during ovulation. Prolactin's primary role is to promote and maintain lactation but also plays a role in breast cancer development, regulation of reproductive function and immunoregulation.

Thymosin is a hormone secreted from the thymus. Its primary function is to stimulate the production of T cells, which are an important part of the immune system. Thymosin also assists in the development of B cells to plasma cells to produce antibodies. The predominant form of thymosin, thymosin b4, is a member of a highly conserved family of actin monomer-sequestering proteins. b-thymosins are the primary regulators of unpolymerized actin, and are essential for maintaining the small cytoplasmic pool of free G-actin monomers required for rapid filament elongation and allowing for the flux of monomers between the thymosin-bound pool and F-actin.

GH is a member of the prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the GH locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five GHs, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the GH locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to GH deficiency and short stature.

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.

TNFRSF14, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is a type I transmembrane protein. TNFRSF14 is expressed in peripheral blood T cells, B cells, monocytes and in various tissues enriched in lymphoid cells. TNFRSF14 operates as a co-stimulatory factor for the activation of lymphoid cells and as a deterrent to infection by herpesvirus. Additionally, TNFRSF14 encourages the proliferation of T cells, and triggers apoptosis of various tumor cells.

Plasmodium falciparum heat shock proteins (PfHSPs) contribute to immunopathological alterations in infected hosts PfHSP70s may have a significant function during parasite adaptation in its environments. They have also been a focus of considerable attention due to their immunodominant antigenic nature and their properties as mediators of protective immunity.

Ara h 1 is a seed storage protein from Arachis hypogaea which causes an allergic reaction in human. Ara h 1 is found in 95% of peanut allergic patients from North America. Nevertheless, peanut-allergic patients of European populations have fewer sensitizations to Ara h 1.

ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 are angiopoietin-like proteins secreted and expressed mainly by the liver, their role being the regulation of triglyceride metabolism by inhibiting the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. During different nutritional states (feeding/fasting) the levels of the circulating triglycerides are regulated by Angptl3 and Angptl4 through differential inhibition of Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) as shown by the experimental data. The molecular structure of ANGPTL3 is similar to that of the angiopoietins (vascular endothelial growth factors). Deletion mutants of human Angiopoietin 5 were used in order to demonstrate that the N-terminal domain (fragment 17-207) and not the C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain (fragment 207-460) increased the plasma triglyceride levels in mice.

PC4 and SFRS1 Interacting Protein 1 (PSIP1) is a transcriptional coactivator involved in neuroepithelial stem cell differentiation and neurogenesis. PSIP1 is also involved particularly in lens epithelial cell gene regulation and stress responses. PSIP1 has a significant role in lens epithelial to fiber cell terminal differentiation. In addition, PSIP1 plays a protective role during stress-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, PSIP1 is a cellular cofactor for lentiviral integration.

Proteins of the TFF family are characterized by obtaining a minimum of 1 copy of the trefoil motif, a 40-amino acid domain that contains 3 conserved disulfides. Trefoil Factors are stable secretory proteins expressed in gastrointestinal mucosa which protect the mucosa from insults, stabilize the mucus layer and affect healing of the epithelium.TFF2 inhibits gastric acid motility & secretion. TFF2 stabilizes glycoproteins in the mucus gel through interactions with carbohydrate side chains. TFF3 induces ciliogenesis and promotes airway epithelial ciliated cell differentiation, relatively through an epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent pathway. TFF3 overexpression is crucial for progression in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinogenesis. TFF-3 is normally expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and its expression associates with tumor grade.

PLGF is a growth factor active in angiogenesis, and endothelial cell growth, stimulating their proliferation and migration. It binds to receptor vegfr-1/flt1.
PLGF-2 binds neuropilin-1 and 2 in a heparin-dependent manner.

PAPPA is a large zinc binding protein, which plays a role as a metalloprotease and specifically cleaves IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5, resulting in release of bound IGF. PAPP-A regulates IGF bioactivity in various biological systems, including the human ovary and cardiovascular systems. PAPP A levels were higher in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. PAPPA is also involved in local proliferative processes such as wound healing and bone remodeling. Moreover, PAPP-A is produced in high concentrations during pregnancy and is released into the maternal circulation. In placenta, PAPP A is expressed in X cells in septa and anchoring villi, and in syncytiotrophoblasts in the chorionic villi.

Growth hormone receptor, also known as GHR is part of the cytokine receptor family. GHR binds 2 receptor molecules and in this manner induces signal transduction through receptor dimerization. Furthermore, at high concentrations, growth hormone performs as an antagonist since there is a large difference in affinities at the respective binding sites. The antagonist action can be enhanced further by reducing binding in the low affinity binding site.

RNA Guanylyltransferase And 5'-Phosphatase also known as RNGTT is a bifunctional mRNA-capping enzyme which exhibits RNA 5'-triphosphatase activity in the N-terminal section and mRNA guanylyltransferase activity in the C-terminal section. In addition, RNGTT catalyzes the first two steps of cap formation, through removing the gamma-phosphate from the 5'-triphosphate end of nascent mRNA to yield a diphosphate end, and also by transferring the gmp moiety of GTP to the 5'-diphosphate terminus.

CTSW protein belongs to the peptidase C1 family. CTSW is a cysteine proteinase with a detailed role in the regulation and mechanism of T-cell cytolytic activity. The encoded CTSW is linked to the membrane inside the endoplasmic reticulum of natural killer and cytotoxic T-cells. CTSW expression is up-regulated by interleukin-2.

Potassium Channel Tetramerisation Domain Containing 11 (KCTD11) is a 232 amino acid regulator of neuronal differentiation which induces growth arrest, apoptosis and the expression of p27 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor). KCTD11 is expressed most highly in cerebellum. KCTD11 functions as an antagonist of the Hedgehog pathway and activator of the caspase cascade and among its related super-pathways are Melatonin Signaling and Activation of cAMP-Dependent PKA.

Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced mainly by the liver and the kidney which regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow. TPO stimulates the production as well as differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells which fragment into large numbers of platelets.

Cytohesin-interacting protein, also known as CYTIP contains 2 leucine zipper domains as well as a putative C-terminal nuclear targeting signal. However, CYTIP does not contain any hydrophobic regions. In addition, CYTIP is expressed weakly in resting NK and T cells. It also modulates the activation of ARF genes by CYTH1.