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Cystatin 7 (CST7) is a glycosylated cysteine protease inhibitor with a putative role in immune regulation through inhibition of a unique target in the hematopoietic system. Cystatin-7 is comprised of multiple cystatin-like sequences. The superfamily is comprised of 3 inhibitory families: the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. Some members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or possibly never had this inhibitory activity. Type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in various human fluids and secretions. CST7 protein expression has been observed in numerous human cancer cell lines established from malignant tumors.

Adiponectin is a recently discovered 244 amino acid protein, the product of the apM1 gene, which is physiologically active and specifically and highly expressed in adipose cells (Adipokine). The protein belongs to the soluble defense collagen super family; it has a collagen-like domain structurally homologous with collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q-like globular domain. APM-1 forms homotrimers, which are the building blocks for higher order complexes found circulating in serum.

Cytochrome P450 2D6 is a member of a complex family of microsomal enzymes (mono-oxygenases) present in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, which perform detoxification reaction on xenobiotic compounds. Cytochrome P450 2D6 is the molecular target of autoantibodies against the "liver kidney microsomal antigen 1" (LKM 1) which has been classically defined by immunofluorescence microscopy. The presence of these autoantibodies is considered indicative of Autoimmune Hepatitis Type 2; LKM 1 antibodies have also been detected in patients with hepatitis C viral infection. The International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group therefore has subdivided the AIH type 2 into two subgroups: 2a with HCV and 2b without HCV. AIH 2a patients are often over 40 and predominantly male.
The use of a purified recombinant Cytochrome P450 2D6 antigen allows the differentiation of autoimmune hepatitis from drug-induced hepatitis where transient autoantibodies to other P450 family members occur which cannot be differentiated by immunofluorescence techniques.

Myosin Binding Protein C, Cardiac (MYBPC3) is the cardiac isoform of myosin-binding protein C expressed exclusively in heart muscle. Myosin-binding protein C is a myosin-associated protein found in the cross-bridge-bearing zone (C region) of A bands in striated muscle. Regulatory phosphorylation of the cardiac isoform in vivo by cAMP-dependent protein kinase upon adrenergic stimulation may be associated with modulation of cardiac contraction. MYBPC3 gene mutations are one of the causes of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In vitro MYBPC3 binds MHC, F-actin and native thin filaments, and modifies the activity of actin-activated myosin ATPase. MYBPC3 may modulate muscle contraction or it may have a more structural role.

ANXA6 is part of the family of calcium-dependent membrane and phospholipid binding proteins. ANXA6 mediats the endosome aggregation and vesicle fusion in secreting epithelia during exocytosis. ANXA6 correlates with CD21. ANXA6 regulates the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. ANXA6 is differentially expressed in the lumbar spinal cord from rats submitted to peripheral lesion during neonatal period.

Nectin-1, also referred to as ED4, is a poliovirus receptor- related 1 protein is a part of the Nectin family. Nectin-1 endorses cell-cell contacts by forming homophilic or heterophilic trans-dimers. Heterophilic interactions among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL4/nectin-4 and among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL3/nectin-3 have been found. Nectin-1 acts as an entry receptor for herpes simplex virus & pseudorabies virus as well. Likewise, Neurite outgrowth-promoting activity has been shown by Nectin-1.

Endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM1) is a proteoglycan secreted by endothelial cells (mostly in the human lung and kidney tissues) and its mRNA expression is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. ESM1 has potent implications in lung endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions. In addition, ESM1 expression is detected in various epithelia and in adipocytes. ESM1 is involved in angiogenesis and it also promotes angiogenic sprouting. ESM1 expression is upregulated by TNF alpha, IL1 beta, or lipopolysaccharide and downregulated by IFN gamma. Genetically engineered cells overexpressing ESM1 induce tumor formation, implying that ESM1 might be involved in the pathophysiology of tumor growth in vivo.

BTC is a potent mitogen for retinal pigment epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The effects of betacellulin are mediated by the EGF receptor and other related receptors.

FKBP2 is part of the immunophilin protein family, which takes part in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. FKBP2 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP2 functions as an ER chaperone and as a component of membrane cytoskeletal scaffolds.

Glucokinase or GLK, is a protein, part of the bacterial glucokinase superfamily. In the bacteria E. coli, glucose can be transported to the inner cell through a system called PTS as glucose 6-phosphate, therefore, GLK is less crucial to the bacteria.

Crohn's Disease (CD), which is very common in Caucasians, is an inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Mucosal inflammation in CD seems to arise when dysregulation of the immune system breaks the balance between tolerance to commensal microbiota or food-derived antigens and immunity to pathogens. The autoimmune mechanisms takes part in the development of CD, and exocrine pancreas autoantibodies (PAB) are disease-specific in CD patients. It was established not too long ago that glycoprotein 2 (GP2) is the major autoantigenic mark recognized by CD-specific PAB. Furthermore to IgG and IgM PAB isotypes, IgA pancreatic autoantibodies were also identified in CD patients. GP2 is an extremely glycosylated 78 kDa protein with N-linked carbohydrates. It is responsible for up to 40% of all zymogen granule (ZG) membrane proteins in pancreatic acinar cells and is linked to the ZG membrane via a glycosyl phosphoinositol (GPI) anchor.

GPT catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT has a crucial part in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. GPT is broadly used as an indicator of liver reliability or hepatocellular destruction in clinical tests.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates it effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. The gene for CXCL3 is located on chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines.

Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) belongs to the Ena-VASP protein family. VASP is linked with filamentous actin formation and likely plays a widespread role in cell adhesion and motility. In addition, VASP may be involved in the intracellular signaling pathways which regulate integrin-extracellular matrix interactions.

Resistin, a product of the RSTN gene, is a peptide hormone belonging to the class of cysteine-rich secreted proteins which is termed the RELM family, and is also described as ADSF (Adipose Tissue- Specific Secretory Factor) and FIZZ3 (Found in Inflammatory Zone). Human resistin contains 108 amino acids as a prepeptide, and its hydrofobic signal peptide is cleaved before its secretion. Resistin circulates in human blood as a dimeric protein consisting of two 92 amino acid polypeptides, which are disulfide-linked via Cys26.
Resistin may be an important link between obesity resistance. Mouse resistin, specifically produced and secreted by adipocyte, acts on skeletal muscle myocytes, hepatocytes and adipocytes themselves so that it reduces their sensitivity. They have also suggested that resistin is present at elevated levels in blood of obese mice, and is down regulated by fasting and antidiabetic drugs. Way et al., on the other hand, have found that resistin expression is severly suppressed in obesity and is stimulated by several antidiabetic drugs.
Other studies have shown that mouse resistin increases during the differentiation of adipocytes, but it also seems to inhibit adipogenesis. In contrast, the human adipogenic differentiation is likely to be associated with a down regulation of resistin gene expression.

Cyclophilin-D is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and speeds up the protein folding. Cyclophilin-D possess PPIase activity and binds to the immunosuppressant cyclosporin-A. Cyclophilin-D is very well known that its overexpression suppresses the apoptosis in cancer cell. Cyclophilin-D suppresses apoptotic cell death by the use of mitochondrial hexokinase-2 dependent mechanism in cancer cells.

MIG (CXCL9) is a small cytokine which is part of the CXC chemokine family. MIG, which is also recognized as monokine is induced by gamma interferon. MIG is related to 2 other CXC chemokines named CXCL10 and CXCL11, whose genes are located next to the gene for CXCL9 on human chromosome 4. CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 obtain their chemotactic functions by interacting with the chemokine receptor CXCR3.

CD138 takes a part in cell adhesion. CD138 is expressed on the surface of pre-B cells and plasma cells but is absent from mature B cells. SDC1 is a selective marker for B cell lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoplasmacytoid leukemia. SDC1 is missing from the apoptotic myeloma cells; therefore is a valuable marker for plasma cell and myeloma cells.

E-selectin (SELE) is a part of a family of divalent cation-dependent carbohydrate-binding glycoproteins or adhesion molecules. E-selectin is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and mediates the interaction of leukocytes and platelets with endothelial cells during an inflammatory response. E-selectin is present in single copy in the human genome and contains 14 exons spanning about 13 kb of DNA.

SHC1 is a member of the SH2 domain family. SHC1 is vital to the regulation of apoptosis and drug resistance in mammalian cells. SHC1 is a signaling adapter which links activated growth factor receptors to signaling pathway. SHC1 is found in neural stem cells but not in mature neurons.

Epiregulin is part of the EGF family. Epiregulin functions as a ligand of EGFR, as well as a ligand of most members of the ERBB (v-erb-b2 oncogene homolog) family of tyrosine-kinase receptors.Epiregulin is expressed mostly in the placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes and in specific carcinomas of the bladder, lung, kidney and colon. Epiregulin stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Epiregulin inhibits the growth of several tumor-derived epithelial cell lines. Human Epiregulin is initially synthesized as a glycosylated 19.0 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce a 6.0 kDa mature secreted sequence.

Endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM1) is a proteoglycan secreted by endothelial cells (mostly in the human lung and kidney tissues) and its mRNA expression is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. ESM1 has potent implications in lung endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions. In addition, ESM1 expression is detected in various epithelia and in adipocytes. ESM1 is involved in angiogenesis and it also promotes angiogenic sprouting. ESM1 expression is upregulated by TNF alpha, IL1 beta, or lipopolysaccharide and downregulated by IFN gamma. Genetically engineered cells overexpressing ESM1 induce tumor formation, implying that ESM1 might be involved in the pathophysiology of tumor growth in vivo.

Tachykinin-1 (TAC1) belongs to the tachykinin peptide hormone family. TAC1 are a family of peptides which have similar biologic activities and share a common C-terminal sequence, phe-X-gly-leu-met-NH2, however they have distinct N-terminal sequences that convey receptor specificities. TAC1 is assumed to act as neurotransmitters which interact with nerve receptors and smooth muscle cells. TAC1 induces behavioral responses and serves as vasodilators and secretagogues.