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RANGRF is a protein which acts as a guanine nucleotide release factor in mouse and regulates the expression and function of the Nav1.5 cardiac sodium channel in human. RANGRF also controls the intracellular trafficking of RAN. In cardiac cells, the RANGRF appears to regulate the cell surface localization of SCN5A.

WIF1 binds to wnt proteins and inhibits their activities. WIF1 plays a role in mesoderm segmentation. WNT proteins are extracellular signaling molecules that take part in the control of embryonic development & cancer. WIF1 protein contains a WNT inhibitory factor (WIF) domain and 5 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. WIF1 takes part in mesoderm segmentation. WIF1 protein is found to be present in fish, amphibia and mammals. WIF1 is a recurrent target in human salivary gland oncogenesis. Downregulation of WIF1 takes part in the development and progression of pleomorphic adenomas. WIF1 is a tumor suppressor, specifically in nonfunctioning pituitary tumors.

S100A4 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins such as calmodulin and troponin C. S100A is composed of an alpha and beta chain whereas S100B is composed of two beta chains. S100 protein is also expressed in the antigen presenting cells such as the Langerhans cells in skin and interdigitating reticulum cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. S100 proteins are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A4 may function in motility, invasion, and tubulin polymerization. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of the S100A4 gene have been implicated in tumor metastasis.

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is a member of the Thrombospondin family and is encoded by the gene THBS1 which is a subunit of a disulfide-linked homotrimeric protein. Thrombospondin-1 is an adhesive glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Thrombospondin-1 can bind to fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, type V collagen and integrins alpha-V/beta-1. TSP1 has been shown to play roles in platelet aggregation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. TSP1 has been shown to be a natural inhibitor of neovascularization and tumorigenesis in healthy tissue. TSP1 interacts with no less than 12 cell adhesion receptors, including CD36, av integrins, b1 integrins, syndecan, and integrin-associated protein (IAP or CD47). It also interacts with various proteases involved in angiogenesis, including plasminogen, matrix metalloproteinase, thrombin, cathepsin, and elastase. Positive and negative modulation of endothelial cell adhesion, motility, and growth are attributed to TSP1. Recently, thrombospondin-1 was found to bind to the reelin receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, in so doing affecting neuronal migration in the rostral migratory stream.

Mediator complex subunit 4 (MED4) is a component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. MED4 is a component of the vitamin D receptor-interacting protein (DRIP) complex which functions as a nuclear receptor coactivator. The DRIP complex is able to activate nuclear receptors in a ligand-dependent manner. MED4 functions as a link to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus. MED4 is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.

Matrix metalloproteinases are a family of zinc and calcium-dependent endopeptidases that break down extracellular matrix proteins. The MMP9 is secreted as a 92kDa zymogen. Cleavage of ProMMP-9 results in the active enzyme, having a molecular weight of approximately 82kDa. MMP9 is composed of the following domains: a gelatin-binding domain consisting of three fibronectin type II units, a catalytic domain containing the zinc-binding site, a proline-rich type V collagen-homologous domain and a hemopexin-like domain. MMP9 is produced by the several cell types: monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, osteoclasts and endothelial cells. MMP9 is involved in inflammatory responses, tissue remodeling, wound healing, tumor growth and metastasis. MMP9 may also play an important part in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration, as well as in bone osteoclastic resorption. MMP9 cleaves type IV and type V collagens into large C-terminal three qu

Syntaxin-1, synaptobrevin, and SNAP25 cooperate to form the SNARE complex, which is needed for synaptic vesicle docking and fusion SNPH is a neuron-specific protein originally characterized as a binding partner of syntaxin-1. SNPH participates with SNAP25 for the binding to Syntaxin-1 and prevents the construction of the SNARE core complex, thus manageling free syntaxin-1 availability for the assembly of the SNARE complex and potentially regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Expression Syntaphilin appears to be brain-specific. SNPH is an inhibitor of both SNARE-based fusion and dynamin-mediated endocytosis.

EDN3 interacts with endothelin receptor B, on the surface of cells. Throughout embryonic development, EDN3 takes part in neural crest cells that migrate from the developing spinal cord to specific regions in the embryo, where they give rise to many different types of cells. EDN3 and EDN3R are necessary for the formation of nerves in the large intestine (enteric nerves) and melanocytes (produce melanin). Mutations in the EDN3 gene is linked with Waardenburg syndrome, type IV that is characterized by changes in skin, hair, and eye coloring. Mutations in the EDN3 gene is linked with Hirschsprung disease that causes severe constipation or intestinal blockage

Trafficking protein particle complex 4 (TRAPPC4) is part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex and interacts with SDC2. TRAPPC4 has a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.

Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 2 isoform A (GOSR2) is a part of the SNARE Protein family which consists of important trafficking proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi and between Golgi subcompartments. GOSR2 is located near a locus implicated in familial essential hypertension, indicating that it is a potential candidate gene for this disease. GOSR2 exists as cytoplasmically oriented integral membrane proteins.

PDIA4 is an endoplasmic reticulum luminal protein that is a stress protein as well as a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family of proteins. PDIA4 participates in the catalysis of protein-S-S-bond rearrangement. PDIA4 and PDIA3 function as proteases, protein disulfide isomerases, phospholipases or an arrangement of these.

Proteasome subunit beta type-7 (PSMB7) belongs to the proteasome B-type family. PSMB7 is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with an extremely ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. This core structure is comprised of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are comprised of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are comprised of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are scattered all over eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent manner in a non-lysosomal pathway. The processing of class I MHC peptides is a vital function of the immunoproteasome (which is a modified proteasome).

CD52 is a small GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchored glycoprotein which is tied to the cell surface with a GPI linkage. CD52 induces immune suppression by complement-meditated cell lysis. Moreover, CD52 is expressed on lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes-derived dendritic cells, monocytes, as well as neutrophils, however not on the stem cells from which these lymphocytes were derived. Furthermore, CD52 is a significant goal for therapeutic interventions intended for leukocyte depletion in post-transplant immunosuppression & hematological malignancies.

SARS Associated Coronavirus Envelope is a small membrane protein that takes major part in the life cycle of the virus. This protein is needed for the assembly, budding, creation of the envelope and pathogenesis. This protein contains 3 outer structural proteins, the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to assure viral entry thetarget cells. Accordingly, S-protein has a major part in virus infection cycle and is the mainly target of neutralizing antibodies.

COMM domain-containing protein 9 (COMMD9), is a part of the COMMD family. The COMMD family is a group of evolutionary conserved proteins that share a common COMM domain at their extreme C-terminus, which provides an interface for protein-protein interactions. COMMD9 is a 198 amino acid ubiquitously expressed protein which contains one COMM domain and involved in signaling events all over the cell.

Cytokeratin 16, also known as KRT16, is a member of the keratin gene family. KRT16 which acts as a regulator of innate immunity in response to skin barrier breach is required for some inflammatory checkpoint for the skin barrier maintenance. KRT16 is coexpressed with keratin 14 in a few epithelial tissues as esophagus, tongue, and hair follicles.

COMM Domain Containing (COMMD6) which is a part of the NF-kappa-B -inhibiting proteins, contains one COMM domain. COMMD6 down-regulates the activation of NF-kappa-B and inhibits TNF-induced NFKB1 activation.

Podoplanin is a small mucin-like type-1 transmembrane protein, typically expressed in various specialized cell types throughout the body. Podoplanin is a type-I integral membrane glycoprotein with diverse distribution in human tissues. PDPN physiological function is related to its mucin-type character. The homologous protein in other species has been described as a differentiation antigen and influenza-virus receptor.
PDPN is expressed in lymphatic progenitor cells and afterwards during mouse development in lymphatic endothelial cells. Podoplanin is a specific marker for lymph vessel endothelial cells. Over-expression of podoplanin significantly elevates endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and tube formation. Inhibition of Podoplanin expression decreases cell adhesion in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells. Podoplanin is used as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium in histopathology.
Podoplanin expression is increased in nearly all human colon, rectum, and small intestine tumors. AGGRUS may serve as a diagnostic marker that distinguishes seminomas, the majority of which over express the protein, from embryonal carcinoma in testicular germ cell tumors.

Scavenger mRNA-decapping enzyme (DCPS) is a member of the HIT family. DCPS is required for the complete degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. It was shown that DCPS hydrolyzes the residual m7GpppN cap structure after the complete 3'–5' degradation of the mRNA by the exosome. Furthermore, DCPS releases m7GMP and is incapable of cleaving cap structures attached to a long RNA chain.

ICAM-1 also called CD54 is a single chain membrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of a variety of non-haematopoietic and haematopoietic cell types and has roles in signal transduction, cell signaling and lymphocyte adhesion. ICAM1 binds to integrins such as CD11a / CD18, or CD11b / CD18. ICAM1 is also used by Rhinovirus as a receptor. ICAM-1 is an intercellular adhesion molecule constantly present in low concentrations in the membranes of leukocytes and endothelial cells. When stimulated by cytokine the concentrations significantly increase. ICAM-1 can be stimulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) and is expressed by the vascular endothelium, macrophages and lymphocytes. ICAM-1 is a ligand for LFA-1 which is a receptor found on leukocytes. Upon activation, leukocytes bind to endothelial cells via ICAM-1/LFA-1 and then transmigrate into tissues.
ICAM-1 is implicated in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Levels of ICAM-1 are shown to be notably elevated in patients with SAH.
Soluble ICAM-1 is detectable in the plasma and is elevated in patients with various inflammatory conditions.

FABP12 is a member of the calycin superfamily and fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. The FABPs are a family of carrier proteins for fatty acids and other lipophilic substances for example eicosanoids and retinoids. These proteins are believed to enable the transfer of fatty acids between extra- and intracellular membranes. FABP12 has a role in lipid transport. FABP12 is expressed in several retinoblastoma cell lines. FABP12 has not been detected in fetal tissues.

C17ORF49 is a component of chromatin complexes such as the MLL1/MLL and NURF complexes.

FtsJ RNA Methyltransferase Homolog 2 (FTSJ2) belongs to the S-adenosylmethionine-binding protein family. FTSJ2 is a nucleolar protein and which is involved in cell cycle control and DNA repair and the processing and modification of rRNA. FTSJ2 is extensively expressed, with the highest expression in the muscle, placenta, and heart.