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The three isoenzymes (MM, MB, and BB) are found in muscle, cardiac and brain tissues. These recombinant proteins are ideal for calibrating diagnostic instruments and researching neuromuscular diseases. Creatine Kinases can be used for indications in many neuromuscular applications. These disorders include cardiac disease, mitochondrial disorders, inflammatory myopathies, myasthenia, polymyositis, McArdle's disease, NMJ disorders, muscular dystrophy, ALS, hypo and hyperthyroid disorders, central core disease, acid maltase deficiency, myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, motor neuron diseases, rheumatic diseases, and other that create elevated or reduced levels of Creatine Kinases.

Kallikreins are serine protease enzymes having various physiological functions.
Kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis and have potenital as novel cancer disease biomarkers. KLK1 is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. KLK1 is functionally conserved in its ability to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen.
Human Kallikrein-1, also called as Kallidinogenase, Kininogenase or Kininogenin, is an active protein enzyme present in saliva, pancreatic juices, and urine that catalyzes the proteolysis of bradykininogen to bradykinin.
Kallikrein-1, which derived from human or porcine, have been used as drugs for a long time, they are mainly used in the treatment f light to medium hypertension and occlusion of cerebral and surrounding blood vessels.
KLK1 demonstrates both trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like selectivities with Tyr/Arg preferred at site P1, Ser/Arg strongly preferred at P1', and Phe/Leu at P2.
rs5517 in the KLK1 gene is considerably connected with hypertension in a Chinese Han population. KLK1 is expressed de novo in endothelial cells and mediates relaxation of human umbilical veins. The K allele of KLK1 promoter and TT genotype of TGF-beta1 are a genetic KLK1 -130 GN and -128 G-C, and the defenselessness factor contributing to progressive renal descent in Taiwanese primary vesicoureteric reflux children.
Induction of KLK1 in carotid arteriosclerosis doesn’t lead to kallikrein-kinins pathway activation. Transgenic rats expressing KLK1 have impaired renal response to acute volume expansion Endothelial cells synthesize and release active form of KLK1on the surface which is important function in maintenance of circulation homeostasis.
KLK1 participates in epidermal desquamation through cleavage of desmoglein 1 and regulation by lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI).

UBE2D3 enzymes are human homologs of the yeast UBC4/5 family and play many important regulatory roles in inflammation and cancer. UbcH5a mediates the degradation of a myriad of short-lived regulatory proteins (such as p53 in the presence of E6/E6-AP or MDM2, c-Fos, I?B?, p105) and abnormal proteins. UBE2D3 has 88% and 89% sequence identity with UbcH5a and UbcH5b respectively.

ADH1C is a member of the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family which metabolizes a large assortment of substrates, such as ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. ADH1 is a monomorphic and a key factor in fetal and infant livers, becoming less active in gestation and only weakly active during adulthood.

Adenosine Kinase is an abundant enzyme in mammalian tissues which catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, thus is as a regulator of concentrations of both extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. Adenosine has extensive effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and immune systems and inhibitors of the enzyme take a crucial pharmacological part in growing intravascular adenosine concentrations and acting as anti-inflammatory agents.

Adenosine Kinase is an abundant enzyme in mammalian tissues which catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, thus is as a regulator of concentrations of both extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. Adenosine has extensive effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and immune systems and inhibitors of the enzyme take a crucial pharmacological part in growing intravascular adenosine concentrations and acting as anti-inflammatory agents.

Myeloperoxidase is an important enzyme used by granulocytes during phagocytic lysis of foreign particles engulfed. In normal tissues and in a variety of myeloproliferative disorders myeloid cells of both neutrophilic and eosinophilic types, at all stages of maturation, exhibit strong cytoplasmic reactivity for MPO. Erythroid precursors, megakaryocytes, lymphoid cells, mast cells, and plasma cells are nonreactive. MPO is not observed in the neoplastic cells of a wide variety of epithelial tumors and sarcomas. MPO is useful in differentiating between myeloid and lymphoid leukemias.

ENO1 is a homodimeric soluble protein that encodes a smaller monomeric structural lens protein, tau-crystallin. ENO1 is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in mainly all tissues. ENO1 isoenzyme full length protein is found in the cytoplasm. The shorter protein is formed from another translation start that is restricted to the nucleus, and binds to a component in the c-myc promoter. ENO1 is involved in anaerobic metabolism under hypoxic conditions and plays a role as a cell surface plasminogen receptor during tissue invasion. Irregular expression of Enolase-1 is linked with tumor progression in several cases of breast and lung cancer. Enolase-1 is as an auto antigen associated with Hashimoto's encephalopathy and severe asthma. ENO1 is the target protein of serum anti-endothelial antibody in Behcet's disease.

IMPDH2 is a member of the IMPDH/GMPR family. IMPDH2 catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of inosine-5'-monophosphate into xanthine-5'-monophosphate, which is afterward converted into guanosine-5'-monophosphate. IMPDH2 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. IMPDH2 is consequently involved in maintaining cellular guanine deoxy- and ribonucleotide pools required for DNA and RNA synthesis. In addition, IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 are targets for the important immunosuppressive drug, MPA. Furthermore, the IMPDH2 gene is up-regulated in some neoplasms, suggesting it may have a role in malignant transformation.

Histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HARS) functions to catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNAs by their corresponding amino acids. HARS is a member of the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. HARS is responsible for the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, which is vital for the incorporation of histidine into proteins. HARS is a frequent target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis.

Glutathione synthetase (GSS) is the second enzyme in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway. GSS catalyses the condensation of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine to form glutathione. Defects in the GSS are the cause of glutathione synthetase deficiency aka GSS deficiency or 5-oxoprolinuria or pyroglutamic aciduria, which is a severe form characterized by an increased rate of hemolysis and defective function of the central nervous system.

BDH2 is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. BDH2 protein has a significant part in the peripheral utilization of 3-hydroxybutyrate. BDH2 can convert high levels of circulating 3-hydroxybutyrate into acetoacetate due to cytoplasmic localization in high ratio of oxidized NAD+, the NAD+ dependence and the kinetic parameters.

Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having various physiological functions. Numerous kallikreins are involved in carcinogenesis. Kallikrein-11 (KLK11) which is a multifunctional protease is 1 of the 15 kallikrein subfamily members found in a cluster on chromosome 19. KLK11 cleaves synthetic peptides after arginine but not lysine residues.

GLRX2 is a multifunctional enzyme with glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing cytosolic protein- and non-protein-disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Required for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly reducing hydroperoxides and for the detoxification of ROS-mediated damage. Glutaredoxins are a family of glutathione-dependent hydrogen donors that participate in a variety of cellular redox reactions.

PLA2G7 is a secreted enzyme which catalyzes the degradation of platelet-activating factor to biologically inactive products. The PLA2G7 enzyme is produced by inflammatory cells and hydrolyzes oxidised phospholipids in LDL. In the blood, PLA2G7 goes mainly with LDL and less than 20% is coupled with HDL.
PLA2G7 is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and is also a marker for cardiac disease. PLA2G7 might have a major physiologic effect in the presence of inflammatory bodily responses.
PLA2G7 alters the action of PAF (platelet-activating factor) by hydrolyzing the sn-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-PAF. PLA2G7 has specificity for substrates with a short residue at the sn-2 position. PLA2G7 is inactive against long-chain phospholipids.
PLA2G7 gene defects are the source of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency, which is a trait that is present in 27% of the Japanese population.

Citrate synthase also known as CS is a Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A. CS is present in almost all cells capable of oxidative metabolism. CS is nuclear encoded and transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where the mature form is found. The diseases related to CS are: critical illness polyneuropathy and mitochondrial cardiomyopathy.

Acyl-CoA Thioesterase 7 (ACOT7) belongs to the acyl coenzyme family. ACOT7 hydrolyzes the CoA thioester of palmitoyl-CoA and other long-chain fatty acids. Decreased expression of the ACOT7 protein may be linked to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Aldolase C Fructose-Bisphosphate (ALDOC) belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family. ALDOC is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-biphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glyceraldehydes respectively. ALDOC is expressed exclusively in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells of the brain.

HMOX2 cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently transferred to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the activity of HMOX2 is highest in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed. HMOX2 participates in the production of carbon monoxide in the brain where it operates as a neurotransmitter. HMOX2 is an essential enzyme in heme catabolism and is involved in cellular response to oxidative stress.

NADH Dehydrogenase Flavoprotein 2 (NDUFV2) is a 24 kDa Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is a part of the minimal assembly required for catalysisthe. NDUFV2 is aslo involved in electron transfer. Mutations in NDUFV2 are implicated in Parkinson's disease, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and have been discovered in one case of early onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy.

7-methylguanosine phosphate-specific 5'-nucleotidase (NT5C3B) includes transferase activity and nucleotide binding. Among NT5C3B’s related super-pathways are adenosine nucleotides degradation II and Pyrimidine metabolism. NT5C3B hydrolyzes 7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m(7)GMP) to 7-methylguanosine and inorganic phosphate. The specific activity for m(7)GMP guards cells against undesired retrieval of m(7)GMP and its incorporation into nucleic acids. In addition, NT5C3B has weak activity for CMP.

Enolase-phosphatase E1 (ENOPH1) belongs to the MasA family of the HAD (halo-acid dehalogenase)-like hydrolase superfamily. ENOPH1 is a bifunctional enzyme which demonstrates both phosphatase and atypical enolase activities. ENOPH1 has a significant role in the ubiquitous methionine salvage pathway which is a biochemical pathway found in all organisms that regulate methionine levels in the cell.

Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial 2 (CKMT2) is a member of the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family. CKMT2 is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. CKMT2 reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes have a principal role in energy transduction in tissues with large, variable energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in 2 different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, contrary to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. The CKMT2 gene contains sequences homologous to a number of motifs which are shared among some nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and therefore may be crucial for the coordinated activation of these genes during mitochondrial biogenesis.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 F (UBE2F) is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family and UBE2F subfamily. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes or sometimes as ubiquitin-carrier enzymes, run the second step in the ubiquitination reaction which targets a protein for degradation using the proteasome. The UBE2F receives the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 from the UBA3-NAE1 E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins.
RBX2-UBE2F complex neddylates specific target proteins, for example CUL5 as can be seen from the specific interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase RBX2, but not RBX1.