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V-Set Domain Containing T Cell Activation Inhibitor 1, also known as VCTN1, is part of the B7 costimulatory protein family. Proteins in this family are located on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and interact with ligand bound to receptors on the surface of T cells. High level of the encoded protein has been associated with tumor progression. VCTN1 also takes part in promoting epithelial cell transformation.

ZW10 Interacting Kinetochore Protein (ZWINT) is involved in kinetochore function. ZWINT is part of the MIS12 complex, which is essential for kinetochore formation and spindle checkpoint activity. ZWINT is localized to the cytoplasm during interphase and to kinetochores from late prophase to anaphase. ZWINT interacts with ZW10 (Zeste White 10) and regulates the association between ZW10 and kinetochores. ZWINT gene defects are linked with the pathogenesis of Roberts’s syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation due to premature chromosome separation.

Proteasome subunit beta type-7 (PSMB7) belongs to the proteasome B-type family. PSMB7 is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with an extremely ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. This core structure is comprised of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are comprised of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are comprised of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are scattered all over eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent manner in a non-lysosomal pathway. The processing of class I MHC peptides is a vital function of the immunoproteasome (which is a modified proteasome).

HOMER1 takes part in determining the apoptotic susceptibility to TRAIL.
HOMER1 is a member of the Homer family of proteins that regulate signal transduction through, and the trafficking of, glutamate receptors, plus maintain and regulate extracellular glutamate levels in corticolimbic brain regions. The HOMER1 is enriched at excitatory synapses and binds group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs).

Mesoderm development candidate 1 (MESDC1) is a member of the MESD family. MESDC1 is a 362 amino acid protein encoded by a gene which maps to human chromosome 15q25.1. MESDC1 serves as a chaperone for low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) proteins in the ER, and specifically associates with Wnt signaling pathway coreceptors LRP5 and LPR6. MESDC1 is needed for proper LRP5/6 folding and maturation to the cell surface, which has a key role in Wnt signaling.

Acyl-CoA Thioesterase 8 (ACOT8) is a group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), granting the potential to regulate intracellular levels of acyl-CoAs, free fatty acids and CoASH. ACOT8 mediate Nef-induced down-regulation of CD4. ACOT8 contends with BAAT (Bile acid CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase) for bile acid-CoA substrate (such as chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA). ACOT8 prefers medium-length fatty acyl-CoAs.

HECT and RLD Domain Containing E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 5 (HERC5) is a member of the HERC family of ubiquitin ligases, found in a cluster of HERC family genes on chromosome 4. HERC5 is a protein with a HECT domain and 5 RCC1 repeats. The HERC5 protein localizes to the cytoplasm and perinuclear region and serves as an INF-induced E3 protein ligase that mediates ISGylation of protein targets. HERC5 exhibits antiviral activity towards HIV-1, influenza A virus and human papillomavirus. HERC5 is a major E3 ligase for ISG15 conjugation. HERC5 also serves as a positive regulator of innate antiviral response in cells induced by INF. Pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulate HERC5 in endothelial cells. HERC5 is physically connected with polyribosomes, broadly modifies recently synthesized proteins in a cotranslational fashion.

SBDS is part of an extremely preserved protein family which exists from archaea to vertebrates and plants. SBDS protein functions in RNA metabolism and has a role in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit and translational activation of ribosomes. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder produced by mutations in the SBDS gene.

AKR1C3 is part of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which has at least 40 identified proteins. AKR1C3 catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. AKR1C3 displays overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. AKR1C3 catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGH2 and phenanthrenequinone (PQ), and the oxidation of 9alpha,11beta-PGF2 to PGD2. AKR1C3 is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as asthma. AKR1C3 controls cell growth and/or differentiation. AKR1C3 takes part in adrenal testosterone production. AKR1C3 expression is affected by metabolic disease, and its levels are considerably reduced in response to diet-induced weight loss and correlate with leptin levels.

Secernin 1 (SCRN1) which is a member of the peptidase C69 family, regulates exocytosis in mast cells. SCRN1 increases both the level of secretion and the sensitivity of mast cells to stimulation with calcium.

Dynactin 6, also known as DCTN6 is a member of the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. DCTN6 includes an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif in the N-terminal region, which confers adhesive properties to macromolecular proteins such as fibronectin. DCTN6 has a high degree of sequence resemblance with the mouse homolog, which has been found to participate in mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, the precise biological function of DCTN6 is unknown.

SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor.
The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.

Myosin is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein, which is composed of 2 heavy chains, 2 non-phosphorylatable alkali light chains, and 2 phosphorylatable regulatory light chains.
MYL1 gene encodes a myosin alkali light chain expressed in fast skeletal muscle. Two transcript variants have been identified for the MYL1 gene. In humans MYL1 is localized to chromosome 2q32.1-qter. The Myl1 locus encodes two alkali myosin light chains- Mlc1f and Mlc3f, from two promoters that are differentially regulated throughout development. The Mlc1f promoter is active in embryonic, fetal and adult fast skeletal muscle while the Mlc3f promoter is upregulated during fetal development and stays on in adult fast skeletal muscle.

Homeodomain-only protein (HOPX) functions via its interaction with SRF, thus modulating the expression of SRF-dependent cardiac-specific genes and cardiac development. HOPX inhibits SRF-dependent transcription either by hindering SRF binding to DNA or by engaging histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins which prevent transcription by SRF. HOPX is a homeodomain protein which lacks certain conserved residues required for DNA binding. HOPX overexpression causes cardiac hypertrophy.

HRASLS3 is a tumor suppressor that takes part in dependent cell death. HRASLS3 is part of the class II tumor suppressor gene family and is involved in the regulation of differentiation and survival. HRASLS3 protein is expressed in a number of human tumors including ovarian carcinomas, lung carcinomas.

SET is part of a complex localized to the endoplasmic reticulum however is found in the nucleus. SET inhibits apoptosis following attack by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and can also enhance DNA replication of the adenovirus genome. SET inhibits acetylation of nucleosomes, particularly histone H4, by histone acetylases (HAT). This inhibition is accomplished by masking histone lysines from being acetylated.

DsbE is a reducing Dsb protein involved in electron transfer for cytochrome c maturation in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. DsbE is one of 12 proteins required for their assembly in the periplasm. DsbE functions is to decrease disulphide bonds formed among correctly paired cysteine residues in the cytochrome c apoproteins prior to haem attachment by CcmF and CcmH.

Dsb proteins are in charge for the formation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds during the folding of secreted and membrane proteins in bacteria. DsbG has disulfide bond isomerase and chaperone activity. DsbG interacts with refolding intermediates of chemically denatured citrate synthase and prevents their aggregation in vitro. DsbG shares sequnce homology with DsbC. DsbG forms a stable periplasmic dimer and displays an equilibrium constant with glutathione comparable with DsbA and DsbC. DsbG is expressed at roughly 25% level of DsbC.

Homeobox protein SIX1 (SIX1) belongs to the SIX gene family. SIX1 is characterized by a divergent DNA-binding homeodomain and an upstream SIX domain, which is involved both in determining DNA-binding specificity and in mediating protein-protein interactions. SIX1 has a role in vertebrate and insect development or in the maintenance of the differentiated state of tissues.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 9 (IP-9). It is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate. Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-g and IFN-b, and weakly induced by IFN-a. This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. CXCL11 is chemotactic for activated T cells. Its gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.

Snail Family Zinc Finger 2 also known as SNAI2 is a member of the snail C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. SNAI2 acts as a transcriptional repressor which binds to E-box motifs and is as well likely to repress E-cadherin transcription in breast carcinoma. SNAI2 is implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transitions furthermore, it has antiapoptotic activity.

Small Nuclear RNA Activating Complex, Polypeptide 1 (SNAPC1) is a part of the SNAPc complex necessary for the transcription of both RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes. SNAPC1 binds to the proximal sequence element (PSE), a non-TATA-box basal promoter element common to these 2 types of genes. Moreover, SNAPC1 recruits TBP and BRF2 to the U6 snRNA TATA box.

Cysteine protease ATG4B (ATG4B) belongs to the autophagin protein family. Autophagy is the manner by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is vital for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. ATG4B is a cysteine protease necessary for autophagy, which cleaves the C-terminal part of either MAP1LC3, GABARAPL2 or GABARAP, allowing the liberation of form I. A subpopulation of form I is then transformed to a smaller form (form II). Form II, with an exposed C-terminal glycine, is deemed to be the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-conjugated form, and is capable of binding to autophagosomes. Reduced levels of autophagy are seen in some malignant tumors; therefore autophagy may have a role in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer.

Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1 Gamma (EEF1G) takes part in anchoring the complex to additional cellular components. EEF1G is a multi-protein complex which is in charge of the delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosome. Over expression of EEF1G is linked with pancreatic cancer, due to the role of EEF1G protein in the oncogenic transformation process.