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Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase-2, aka ENPP2, a part of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatasefamily. ENPP2 is able to cut the phosphodiester bond between the alpha and the beta position of triphosphate nucleotides, acting as an ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase producing pyrophosphate, as most members of the ENPP family. It is unlike ENPP-1 and ENPP-3, has weak activity against nucleotides, but shows a lysophospholipase D activity which allows the formation of LPA and choline from lysophosphatidylcholine. As well, ENPP-2 and LPA are involved in several inflammatory-driven diseases such as arthritis and asthma.

F-ATPase delta (ATP5D) catalyzes ATP synthesis, employing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of 2 linked multi-subunit complexes: F1-the soluble catalytic core and Fo- the membrane-spanning component, which comprise the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of five different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alphas, 3 betas, and a single representative of the other three. The proton channel consists of three main subunits-a, b, c. ATP5D is the delta subunit of the catalytic core.

Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (Th), is a rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Th utilizes tetrahydrobiopterin as well as molecular oxygen to convert tyrosine to DOPA. Th regulates dopamine (DA) neurotransmission at the biosynthesis and reuptake steps. Th takes a vital part in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. Furthermore, Th effects overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation as well as function of T helper cells.

Dopachrome Tautomerase also known as DCT, belongs to the tyrosinase family. DCT takes a significant part in the synthesis of the melanin pigment including tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1). Which are highly involved in eumelanin synthesis. The change among the eumelanin and the pheomelanin pathways is assumed to depend on the presence of cysteine. Hence, in the lack of cysteine, dopaquinone, the product of tyrosinase action, is transformed to cyclodopa (leucodopachrome) and afterwards to dopachrome (and DOPA).

Epoxide Hydrolase 1 Microsomal (EPHX1) is a vital biotransformation enzyme which transfers epoxides from the degradation of aromatic compounds to trans-dihydrodiols that can be conjugated and excreted from the body. Epoxide hydrolase plays a role in both activation and detoxification of epoxides. Mutations in EPHX1 trigger preeclampsia, epoxide hydrolase deficiency or increased epoxide hydrolase activity.

TATDN3 is a member of the great superfamily of metalloenzymes. TATDN3 binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit.

GSTM4 is part of the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are eight families of GST proteins, namely alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta, each of which is composed of proteins that have a variety of functions throughout the cell. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione.

GUK1 is part of the guanylate kinase family. GUK1 occurs as a monomer that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of GMP to GDP, thus takes an important part in the recycling of GMP. Through its catalytic activity, GUK1 functions in regulation of the supply of guanine nucleotides to signal transduction pathways. GUK1 overexpression is related with pituitary adenocarcinomas, implicating that GUK1 is has a role in tumorigenesis.

Aspartic Peptidase, Retroviral-Like 1 (ASPRV1) is a protein which contains one peptidase A2 domain. ASPRV1 undergoes autocleavage which is essential for activation of the protein. ASPRV1 is expressed mostly in the granular layer of the epidermis and inner root sheath of hair follicles and localized to membrane region. In the psoriatic skin, ASPRV1 is expressed throughout the stratum corneum. In the ulcerated skin, ASPRV1 is expressed in the stratum granulosum of intact epidermis; however it is virtually nonexistent from ulcerated regions. In addition, ASPRV1 is expressed in differentiated areas of squamous cell carcinomas but not in the undifferentiated tumors.

CK-MB Type II possesses the naturally occurring carboxy-terminal amino acid lysine.
This occurs during a myocardial infarct (MI or heart attack) when CK-MB Type II is released from damaged heart muscle, and the C-terminal lysine is cleaved in the blood stream, thus creating CK-MB Type I. This difference can be exploited in diagnosis of an MI.

Paraoxonase 1 also called Esterase-A is involved in the detoxification of organophosphate insecticides such as parathion. Paraoxonase 1 may also confer protection against coronary artery disease by destroying proinflammatory oxidized lipids present in oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

HBsAg is the surface antigenof the Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV). The capsidof a virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus. The antigen is a protein that binds specifically on one of these surface proteins. It is commonly referred to as the Australian Antigen.

OAS1 enzyme is a member of the 2’,5’-oligoadenylate synthetase family. OAS1 is induced by interferons and uses adenosine triphosphate in 2’-specific nucleotidyl transfer reactions to synthesize 2’,5’-oligoadenylates(2-5As). These molecules in turn activate latent RNase L resulting in viral RNA degradation and the inhibition of viral replication.
OAS1 may have a role in mediating resistance to virus infection, control of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. OAS1 binds double-stranded RNA and polymerizes ATP into PPP (A2'P5'A)N oligomers, which activate the latent RNase L that, once activated, cleaves single-stranded RNAs.
OAS1 gene mutations are been linked to host susceptibility to viral infection.
OSA1 gene polymorphisms are linked to the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection. Furthermore, OAS1 gene polymorphisms are linked to the susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome.

Methionine aminopeptidase 1 (METAP1) is a member of the peptidase M24A family. METAP1 removes the amino-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. METAP1 releases N-terminal amino acids, preferentially methionine, from peptides and arylamides. METAP1 is essential for normal progression through the cell cycle. The active site of METAP1 contains 2 adjacent divalent metal ions linked by a water molecule or hydroxide ion.

Proteasome subunit alpha type 4 (PSMA4) belongs to the peptidase T1A family, which is a 20S core alpha subunit. The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with an extremely ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is comprised of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. PSMA4 is dispersed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleaves peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway.

Desmin is a muscle-specific class III intermediate filament. Homopolymers of this protein form a stable intracytoplasmic filamentous network connecting myofibrils to each other and to the plasma membrane. Mutations in this gene are associated with desmin-related myopathy, a familial cardiac and skeletal myopathy (CSM), and with distal myopathies.

Glycine-N-Acyltransferase-Like 2 (GLYATL2) is a part of the glycine N-acyltransferase family expressed mainly in salivary gland and trachea. GLYATL2 is a mitochondrial acyltransferase that transfers the acyl group to the N-terminus of glycine. GLYATL2 conjugates numerous substrates, like arachidonoyl-CoA and saturated medium and longchain acyl-CoAs ranging from chain-length C8:0-CoA to C18:0-CoA, to form a variety of N-acylglycines. GLYATL2 also shows a preference for monounsaturated fatty acid oleoyl-CoA (C18:1-CoA) as an acyl donor.

Cytochrome b5 reductase 1 (CYB5R1) is a part of the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family. CYB5R1 is engaged in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin decrease.

FOLH1, also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 (GCPII), is a single pass type 2 membrane protein which belongs to the peptidase M28 family. FOLH1 is highly produced in prostate epithelium. FOLH1 is also found in ovary, live, stomach, small intestine colon, urinary bladder, kidney, testis, and the capillary endothelium of a variety of tumours. Therefore, it plays a role in directed imaging and therapy of recurrent of metastatic disease. FOLH1 is a zinc metalloenzyme that resides in membranes and catalyses the hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate to glutamate and N-acetylaspartate.

The three isoenzymes (MM, MB, and BB) are found in muscle, cardiac and brain tissues. These recombinant proteins are ideal for calibrating diagnostic instruments and researching neuromuscular diseases. Creatine Kinases can be used for indications in many neuromuscular applications. These disorders include cardiac disease, mitochondrial disorders, inflammatory myopathies, myasthenia, polymyositis, McArdle's disease, NMJ disorders, muscular dystrophy, ALS, hypo and hyperthyroid disorders, central core disease, acid maltase deficiency, myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, motor neuron diseases, rheumatic diseases, and other that create elevated or reduced levels of Creatine Kinases.

UBE2N belongs to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBE2N catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of non-canonical polyubiquitin chains, a process which doesn’t set in motion proteasomal degradation. UBE2N mediates the transcription of some target genes and is believed to have a role in cell cycle progression; cellular differentiation and DNA repair mechanisms which ensure cell survival after DNA damage.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S (UBE2S) belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBE2S is able to form a thiol ester linkage with ubiquitin in a ubiquitin activating enzyme-dependent manner, a typical property of ubiquitin carrier proteins. UBE2S catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. UBE2S acts as a crucial factor of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which is a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis. UBE2S acts by purposely elongating 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains initiated by the E2 enzyme UBE2C/UBCH10 on APC/C substrates, augmenting the degradation of APC/C substrates by the proteasome and promoting mitotic exit. UBE2S also acts by elongating ubiquitin chains initiated by the E2 enzyme UBE2D1/UBCH5 in vitro; it is nevertheless uncertain whether UBE2D1/UBCH5 acts as an E2 enzyme for the APC/C in vivo. UBE2S is also involved in ubiquitination and consequent degradation of VHL, resulting in an accumulation of HIF1A.

CA, also known as carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme. Its main function revolves around the CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ (conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate & protons). CA has a zinc ion in its active site. The main function of CA is to keep acid-base balance in the blood stream and various tissues. This enzyme also assists Carbonic Anhydrase I to move CO2 to and from tissues.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound types of GST are encoded by 2 different supergene families. There are 8 classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are arranged in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and aare highly polymorphic. These genetic differences can change an individual's resistance to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with the rise in a number of cancers.