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Myosin is composed of 2 nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, 2 heavy chains and 2 phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. MYL12B is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein which controls contraction in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells through phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains catalyzed by MLCK in the presence of calcium and calmodulin, rises Actin-activated myosin ATPase activity, thus regulating contractile activity.

Twinfilin (TWF1) is a ubiquitous actin-monomer-binding protein which is composed of two ADF-homology domains. Twinfilin forms a 1:1 complex with ADP-actin-monomers, prevents nucleotide exchange on actin monomers and blocks assembly of the monomer into filaments. TWF1 is composed of 2 ADF/cofilin-like (ADF-H) domains joined by a short linker region and followed by a C-terminal tail of approximately 20 residues. The 2 ADF-H domains are approximately 20% homologous to ADF/cofilin and to each other. TWF1 protein may be an actin monomer-binding protein, and its localization to cortical G-actin-rich structures might be regulated by the small GTPase RAC1.

MOBKL1B is a member of the MOB1/phocein family. MOBKL1B stimulates the kinase activity of STK38 and STK38L. MOBKL1B also binds to and regulates downstream targets such as the NDR-family protein kinases and LATS1 kinase. Thus, MOBKL1B participates in cell cycle checkpoint control and tumor inhibition.

Gastrokine-1 (GKN1) is a member of the gastrokine family. GKN1 has mitogenic activity and is involved in preserving the integrity of the gastric mucosal epithelium. GKN1 is down-regulated in human gastric cancer tissue in comparison to normal gastric mucosa. GKN1 is expressed in the stomach; however no expression is detected in cancer tissue or gastric cancer cell lines.

MAP2K1 is a member of the dual specificity protein kinase family, which plays a role as a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase. MAP kinases, are recognized as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), that act as an integration position for multiple biochemical signals. MEK1 is located upstream of MAP kinases and stimulates the enzymatic activity of MAP kinases upon wide variety of extra- and intracellular signals. As a key player of MAP kinase signal transduction pathway, MEK1 is involved in many cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. MAP2K1 catalyzes the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a thr-glu-tyr sequence located in map kinases. MEK1 activates erk1 and erk2 map kinases.

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein(C/EBP) a is a family of transcription factors that all contain a highly conserved, basic-leucine zipper domain at the C-terminus that is involved in dimerization and DNA binding. C/EBP family of transcription factors regulates viral and cellular CCAAT/enhancer element-mediated transcription. C/EBP family consist of several related proteins, C/EBP a,b,g,d, that form homodimers and that form heterodimers with each other. C/EBP proteins contain the bZIP region, which is characterized by two motifs in the C-terminal half of the protein; a basic region involved in DNA binding and a leucine zipper motif involved in dimerization. C/EBPs differ significantly in their physiological functions and in their downstream target genes. For example, mice lacking C/EBPa die shortly after birth due to severe hypoglycemia and the absence of glycogen storage in liver, whereas knockout of C/EBPb causes defects in female reproduction.

Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 (C19ORF80) is a significant new regulator of lipid metabolism which regulates serum triglyceride levels, possibly by promoting ANGPTL3 cleavage. C19ORF80 belongs to the ANGPTL protein family. C19ORF80 is a hormone which specifically promotes pancreatic beta cell proliferation and beta cell mass expansion, thus improving glucose tolerance. C19ORF80 is mainly expressed in the liver; it is also expressed in adipose tissues. C19ORF80 is expressed in response to food intake.

Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor, Clade C Member 1 (SERPINC1), which is a part of the serpin superfamily, is a plasma protease inhibitor. SERPINC1 inhibits thrombin and other activated serine proteases of the coagulation system, and regulates the blood coagulation cascade. SERPINC1 also inhibits Thrombin and Factors IXa, Xa and XIa. Deficiencies in SERPINC1 can cause ATIII deficiency, an autosomal dominant disease which might lead to a hereditary thrombophilia.

NCF1 is a cytosolic subunit protein of neutrophil NADPH oxidase which a
Multi-component enzyme that is activates production of superoxide anion. NCF1, along with NCF2 and a membrane bound cytochrome b558, is necessary for activation of the latent NADPH oxidase necessary for superoxide production. Mutations in this NCF1 have been related with chronic granulomatous disease.

S100b is a member of the S100 family of proteins which are a family of EF-hand calcium binding proteins that exist mostly as dimers of the 20 currently identified individual S100 monomers. The S100B homodimer is expressed in cells of the central nervous system, glial cells and in certain peripheral cells e.g. Schwann cells, melanocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. S100 proteins are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21; however, S100b is located at 21q22.3. The determination of S100B in serum levels may be used to monitor the extent of brain injury and malignant melanoma. S100b proteins may have a role in Neurite extension, proliferation of melanoma cells, stimulation of Ca2+ fluxes, inhibition of PKC-mediated phosphorylation, astrocytosis and axonal proliferation, and inhibition of microtubule assembly. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of the S100b gene are implicated in several neurological, neoplastic, and other types of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, melanoma, and type I diabetes.

Type IV collagen is a major structural component of basement membranes. It is a multimeric protein composed of 3 alpha subunits, which are encoded by 6 different genes, alpha 1 through alpha 6. Each of these alpha subunits can form a triple helix structure with 2 other subunits to form type IV collagen. The Goodpasture syndrome is a condition in which autoantibodies bind to the collagen molecules in the basement membranes of alveoli and glomeruli. The epitopes that elicit these autoantibodies are restricted basically to the non-collagenous C-terminal domain of the protein. There are numerous alternative transcripts that appear to be unique to the human COL4A3 and alternative splicing is limited to the six exons that encode this C-terminal domain. COL4A3 is also linked to an autosomal recessive form of Alport syndrome. The mutations contributing to the Alport syndrome are also situated within the exons that encode this C-terminal region. COL4A3 is organized in a head-to-head conformation with another type IV collagen gene so that each gene pair shares a common promoter. Several exons of COL4A3 are interspersed with exons of an uncharacterized gene which is on the opposite strand.

Lipophilin is a transmembrane proteolipid protein that is the predominant myelin protein present in the central nervous system. PLP functions in myelination. plays a role in the compaction, stabilization, and maintenance of myelin sheaths, as well as in oligodendrocyte development and axonal survival. Mutations associated with PLP gene cause X-linked Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and spastic paraplegia type 2. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for PLP gene.
PLP is the major myelin protein from the central nervous system and plays an important role in the formation or maintenance of the multilamellar structure of myelin.

Keratin 8 and 18 (K8/18) are the major components of intermediate filament (IF) proteins of simple or single-layered epithelia.

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein FABP4 is a 15 kDa member of the intracellular fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, which is known for the ability to bind fatty acids and related compounds (bile acids or retinoids) in an internal cavity. FABP4 is expressed in a differentiation-dependent fashion in adipocytes and is a critical gene in the regulation of the biological function of these cells.
In mice, targeted mutations in FABP4 provide significant protection from hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the context of both dietary and genetic obesity. Adipocytes obtained from FABP4-deficient mice also have reduced efficiency of ipolysis in vitro and in vivo, and these mice exhibited moderately improved systemic dyslipidemia. Recent studies also demonstrated FABP4 expression in macrophages upon differentiation and activation. In these cells, FABP4 modulates inflammatory responses and cholesterol ester accumulation, and total or macrophage-specific FABP4 deficiency confers dramatic protection against atherosclerosis in the apoE-/- mice. These results indicate a central role for FABP4 in the development of major components of the metabolic syndrome through its distinct actions in adipocytes and macrophages.

Mitochondrial Ribosome Recycling Factor (MRRF) is a member of the RRF family. MRRF attaches to the large ribosomal subunit in the cleft which has a peptidyl transferase center. MRRF controls the release of ribosome from messenger RNA at the termination of protein biosynthesis. Also, it may intensify the efficacy of translation by recycling ribosome from one round of translation to another.

Sorcin (SRI) which is a 22kDa calcium-binding protein was originally identified in multidrug-resistant cells. Sorcin, which modulates excitation-contraction coupling in the heart, contributes to calcium homeostasis in the heart sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Yip1 Interacting Factor Homolog B (YIF1b) is a member of the YIF1 family.

TRIAP1 has a p53-binding site in its second exon. TRIAP1 expression is reduced by small interfering RNA enhanced apoptosis, while overexpression of TRIAP1 protects cells from apoptosis triggered by DNA damage. TRIAP1 is highly induced when cells have low levels of genotoxic stresses, but not when DNA damage is severe. TRIAP1 is able to control apoptotic pathways by interacting with Hsp70 which inhibits activity of apoptosis protease activating factor-1.

Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB) is found in the cytoplasm, where it catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) between membranes. PITPNB mobilizes PI from the endoplasmic reticulum and regulates its release from stored vesicles in the Golgi network. PITPNB is extensively expressed in various tissues.

Interferon Alpha And Beta Receptor or IFNAR1, is part of the class II cytokine receptor family. IFNAR1 forms one of the two chains of a receptor for interferons alpha and beta. IFNAR1 binds and activates the receptor that stimulates Janus protein kinases, which then phosphorylate few proteins, including STAT1 & STAT2. Furthermore, IFNAR1 also acts as an antiviral factor.

FANK1 was localized in the nuclei of identical cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Depending on its nuclear localization, a gene ontology analysis proposes that FANK1 has a DNA binding activity therefor operates as a transcription factor. The extremely controlled expression of FANK1, suggests that it takes part in regulating gene expression in the transition from the meiotic phase to the haploid phase throughout spermatogenesis.

ASF1 Anti-Silencing Function 1 Homolog B (ASF1B) belongs to the H3/H4 family of histone chaperone proteins and is similar to the anti-silencing function-1 protein in yeast. ASF1B is the substrate of the tousled-like kinase family of cell cycle-regulated kinases, and may have a crucial role in modulating the nucleosome structure of chromatin by guaranteeing a regular supply of histones at sites of nucleosome assembly. ASF1B cooperates with CAF-1 (chromatin assembly factor 1) to stimulate replication-dependent chromatin assembly. ASF1B is highly expressed in the testis and at lower levels in colon, small intestine and thymus. ASF1B is necessary for spermatogenesis.

CIAO1 is a vital component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. CIAO1 protein is required for the maturation of extra mitochondrial Fe/S proteins and seems to specifically modulate the trans-activation activity of WT1. CIAO1 participates in chromosome segregation as a part of the mitotic spindle-associated MMXD complex.