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Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A/B (HNRNPAB) is a member of the subfamily of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclearribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). The hnRNPs are produced by RNA polymerase II and are components of theheterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) complexes. They are linked with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and seem to influence pre-mRNA processing and further aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. Whereas all of the hnRNPsare present in the nucleus, some seem to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The hnRNP proteins have distinct nucleic acid binding properties. HNRNPAB, which binds to one of the components of the multiproteineditosome complex, has two repeats of quasi-RRM (RNA recognition motif) domains that bind to RNAs. Among the diseases associated with HNRNPAB are wells syndrome, and cystic fibrosis.

Apolipoprotein-D is mainly associated with high density lipoproteins in human plasma. Apolipoprotein-D is an atypical apolipoprotein and, based on its primary structure, Apolipoprotein-D is a member of the lipocalin family. Lipocalins adopt a beta-barrel tertiary structure and transport small hydrophobic ligands. Apolipoprotein-D binds cholesterol, progesterone, pregnenolone, bilirubin and arachidonic acid.
Apolipoprotein-D is expressed in numerous tissues having high levels of expression in spleen, testes and brain. Apolipoprotein-D is present at high concentrations in the cyst fluid of women with gross cystic disease of the breast, a condition associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Apolipoprotein-D accumulates in regenerating peripheral nerves and in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. Apolipoprotein-D participates in maintenance and repair within the central and peripheral nervous systems. Apolipoprotein-D is a multi-ligand, multi-functional transporter and transports a ligand from 1 cell to another within an organ, scavenge a ligand within an organ for transport to the blood or could transport a ligand from the circulation to specific cells within a tissue.

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 6 isoform 1 (SIGLEC6) is a member of immunoglobulin superfamily and SIGLEC (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin) family. SIGLEC6 mediates sialic-acid dependent binding to cells and binds to alpha-2, 6-linked sialic acid. The SIGLEC6 protein localizes in numerous compartments such as membrane fraction, extracellular region and so on. The SIGLEC6 receptor binds sialyl-TN glycans and leptin. Placental expression SIGLEC6 is upregulated in preeclampsia.

ELL Associated Factor 1 (EAF1) is a part of the EAF family and is expressed mainly in heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, spleen, prostate, testis, small intestine and colon. EAF1 plays a role as a transcriptional transactivator of ELL and ELL2 elongation activities.

Spi-1 Proto-Oncogene, also known as SPI1, owns ETS-domain transcription factor which activates gene expression during myeloid and Blymphoid cell development. SPI1 binds to a purine-rich sequence called the PU-box which is located near the promoters of target genes, and regulates their expression. SPI1 binds RNA and modulate pre-mRNA splicing. SPI1 is also regulates alternative splicing of target genes.

Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11) is a member of the Bcl-2 family and contains a Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3). BCL2L11 expression can be stimulated by nerve growth factor (NGF), in addition to the forkhead transcription factor (FKHR-L1) which proposes a role of the BCL2L11 gene in neuronal and lymphocyte apoptosis. BCL2L11 interacts with other members of the BCL-2 protein family, including BCL2, BCL2L1/BCL-X(L), and MCL1, and acts as an apoptotic activator. BimEL, BimL and BimS are the main isoforms which are ubiquitously expressed with a tissue-specific variation. The Isoform Bim-gamma, on the other hand, is most abundantly expressed in the small intestine and colon, and in lower levels in spleen, prostate, testis, heart, liver and kidney.

STAT1 is a member of the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcriptionfamily of transcription factors. STAT1 is involved in upregulating genes due to a signal by either type Ior type IIinterferons. In response to IFN-?stimulation, STAT1 forms homodimers or heterodimers with STAT3that bind to the GAS (Interferon-Gamma Activated Sequence) promoter element; in response to either IFN-? or IFN-?stimulation, STAT1 forms a heterodimer with STAT2that can bind the ISRE (Interferon Stimulated Response Element) promoter element. In either case, binding of the promoter element leads to an increased expression of ISG (Interferon Stimulated Genes).

The fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF, ANGPTL4, PGAR, HFARP) was identified as an adipocytokine up-regulated by fasting, by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, and by hypoxia. At the protein level, in human and mouse blood plasma, FIAF was found to be present both as a native protein and in a truncated form. Differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes was associated with the production of truncated FIAF, whereas in human white adipose tissue and SGBS adipocytes, only the native FIAF could be detected. Interestingly, the truncated FIAF was produced by human liver.
Experimental data suggest that FIAF is mainly presented in human blood plasma in a truncated form (FIAF-S2), whose level is increased by fenofibrate treatment. Levels of both truncated and native FIAF showed marked inter individual variation but were not associated with body mass index and were not influenced by prolonged semistarvation.

RUNX3 is part of the RUNX family that mediates the expression of genes which participate in cellular differentiation and cell cycle progression. RUNX3 heterodimer and the beta subunit form a complex that binds to the core DNA sequence 5''-PYGPYGGT-3'' found in several enhancers and promoters, and can either activate or suppress transcription. RUNX3 interacts with additional transcription factors. RUNX3 is a good candidate for gastric cancer tumor suppressor diagnosis.

MICA (MHC class I chain-related gene A) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a ligand for human NKG2D. A closely related protein, MICB, shares 85% amino acid identity with MICA. These proteins are distantly related to the MHC class I proteins. They possess three extracellular Ig-like domains, but they have no capacity to bind peptide or interact with ?2-microglobulin. The genes encoding these proteins are found within the Major Histocompatibility Complex on human chromosome 6. The MICA locus is highly polymorphic with more than 50 recognized human alleles. MICA is absent from most cells but is frequently expressed in epithelial tumors and can be induced by bacterial and viral infections. MICA is a ligand for human NKG2D, an activating receptor expressed on NK cells, NKT cells,gammadelta T cells, and CD8+beta T cells. Recognition of MICA by NKG2D results in the activation of cytolytic activity and/or cytokine production by these effector cells. MICA recognition is involved in tumor surveillance, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases.

HERPUD1 is a multi-pass membrane protein which is a part of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system. HERPUD1 owns 1 N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and is expressed highly in the brain. HERPUD1 is also known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD) which takes part in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins.

Myosin regulatory light chains, including MRCL3, MYLPF and MYL9, regulate contraction in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells via phosphorylation by MLCK (myosin light chain kinase). Phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains, catalyzed by MLCK in the presence of calcium and calmodulin, increases the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity, thus regulating the contractile activity. MYLPF is vital for fast and slow skeletal muscle development.

HOMER2 belongs to the homer family of dendritic proteins which are immediate early gene products who bind to group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), proteins associated to triggering intracellular calcium release. Additionally, HOMER2 conect mGluRs to the inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3R).

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-5 or ICAM-5 is a glycoprotein, part of the immunoglobulin family and located in the cell membrane. We can find ICAM-5 in telencephalic neurons, in a couple of adhesion activity, firstly heterophilic binding amid neurons and leukocytes and secondly, homophilic binding amid neurons. ICAM-5 is expressed exclusively in telencephalic areas of the central nervous system. Similar to other ICAMs molecules, ICAM-5 adhere to LFA-1 which is a leukocyte integrin.

ETF is a heterodimer composed of alpha and beta subunit. ETFB protein is electron-transfer-flavoprotein, beta polypeptide that transports electrons between primary flavoprotein dehydrogenases involved in mitochondrial fatty acid and amino acid catabolism and the membrane-bound electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase.

Tissue factor is well-known as the main cellular initiator of blood coagulation. The Tissue factor gene encodes coagulation factor III which is a cell surface glycoprotein that enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascades, and functions as the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation factor VII. Following vessel injury, the Tissue Factor and Factor VIIa complex activates the coagulation protease cascade, which leads to fibrin deposition and activation of platelets. The ensuing complex presents a catalytic event, which is responsible for initiation of the coagulation protease cascades by specific limited proteolysis. Therefore, Tissue factor has a role in normal hemostasis by initiating the cell-surface assembly and propagation of the coagulation protease cascade. Tissue Factor can also be stimulated by the inflammatory mediators interleukin 1 and TNF, as well as by endotoxin, to appear on monocytes and vascular endothelial cells as a component of cellular immune response.
Tissue factor is the only one in the coagulation pathway for which a congenital deficiency has not been described. Certain levels of Tissue Factor are essential for the maintained viability and growth of endothelium and Tissue Factor-expressing tumor cells. Additionally, abnormal Tissue Factor expression inside the vasculature initiates life threatening thrombosis in various diseases, for example sepsis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Alternative spliced Tissue Factor expression advances tumor growth, and is linked to increased tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer.

Small VCP/p97-interacting protein (SVIP) is involved in various cellular processes, including membrane fusion and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. SVIP functions as an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. On the other hand, SVIP overexpression increased the levels of p62 protein and enhanced starvation-activated autophagy as well as stimulated sequestration of polyubiquitinated proteins and p62 in autophagosomes.

Human Fatty Epidermal Acid Binding Protein FABP also called FABP-5 is a 15 kD member of the intracellular fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, which is known for the ability to bind fatty acids and related compounds ( bile acids or retinoids). In an internal cavity. The fatty acid binding proteins aP2 (fatty acid binding protein [FABP]-4) and mal1 (EFABP) are closely related and both are expressed in adipocytes. Absence of EFABP/mal1 resulted in increased systemic insulin sensitivity in two models of obesity and insulin resistance. Adipocytes isolated from mal1-deficient mice also exhibited enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport capacity. In contrast, mice expressing high levels of mal1 in adipose tissue display reduced systematic insulin activity.

Core 1 Beta3-Gal-T1 also known as,C1GALT1 creates the common core 1 O-glycan structure, Gal-beta-1-3GalNAc-R, by the transfer of Gal from UDP-Gal to GalNAc-alpha-1-R. Core 1 is a precursor for lots of extended mucin-type O-glycans on cell surface and secreted glycoproteins. Studies in mice have shown that this gene takes a main role in angiogenesis, thrombopoiesis and kidney homeostasis.

Fibrinogen silencer-binding protein (FSBP), interacts with X11alpha. The X11alpha/FSBP complex send signals to the nucleus in order to repress glycogen synthase kinase-3beta promoter activity. X11alpha is a neuronal adaptor protein that interacts with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) via a centrally located phosphotyrosine binding domain to inhibit the production of Abeta peptide that is deposited in Alzheimer's diseased brains.

P450 Oxidoreductase, also known as POR is a flavoprotein which contributes electrons to all microsomal P450 enzymes. POR is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is also capable of transfering electrons to heme oxygenase as well as cytochrome b5. POR is structurally related to two separate flavoprotein families; first one is ferredoxin nucleotide reductase and the second flavodoxin.

TPM1 is a member of the tropomyosin family which consists of a number of extremely conserved, extensively distributed 35-45 kDa actin-binding proteins that are involved in the contractile system of striated and smooth muscles and the cytoskeleton of non-muscle cells. Tropomyosin-1 is composed of 2 alpha-helical chains arranged as a coiled-coil. TPM1 is polymerized end to end alongside the two grooves of actin filaments and provides stability to the filaments. TPM1 binds to actin filaments in muscle and non-muscle cells. TPM1 also functions in association with the troponin complex to regulate the calcium-dependent interaction of actin and myosin during muscle contraction. In non-muscle cells TPM1 is implicated in stabilizing cytoskeleton actin filaments. Smooth muscle contraction is controlled by interaction with caldesmon.
Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding a range of isoforms have been described in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. TPM1 Isoform 1 is expressed in adult and fetal skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues, with higher expression levels in the cardiac tissues, whereas Isoform 10 is expressed in adult and fetal cardiac tissues, but not in skeletal muscle.
Mutations in the TPM1 gene are linked to type 3 familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.