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Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase-2, aka ENPP2, a part of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatasefamily. ENPP2 is able to cut the phosphodiester bond between the alpha and the beta position of triphosphate nucleotides, acting as an ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase producing pyrophosphate, as most members of the ENPP family. It is unlike ENPP-1 and ENPP-3, has weak activity against nucleotides, but shows a lysophospholipase D activity which allows the formation of LPA and choline from lysophosphatidylcholine. As well, ENPP-2 and LPA are involved in several inflammatory-driven diseases such as arthritis and asthma.

L-Asparaginase is an enzyme that depletes L-Asparagine "an important nutrient for cancer cells" resulting in cancer/tumor cell starvation. L-asparaginase is an anti-tumor agent derived from E.coli.,which can inhibit the growth of malignant cells. It is used mainly for the induction of remission in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Because of the lymph node origin of malignant B cells in Multiple Myeloma, L-Asparagine is an essential amino acid for their cell metabolism, and, consequently, L-Asparaginase may be of value in managing the disease.
The rationale behind asparaginase is that it takes advantage of the fact that ALL cellsare unable to synthesize the non-essential amino acidasparaginewhereas normal cells are able to make their own asparagine. These leukemic cells depend on circulating asparagine. Asparaginase however catalyzes the conversion of L-asparagine to aspartic acidand ammonia. This deprives the leukemic cell of circulating asparagine.

FBP1 or Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase 1 is an enzyme, catalyzing the formation of fructose 6-phosphate & inorganic phosphate from fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. FBP1 is part of the gluconeogenesis regulatory enzymes. Mutations in the enzyme gene can result in metabolic acidosis & hypoglycemia.

ATP synthase subunit O (ATP5O) localizes to the mitochondria and catalyzes ATP synthesis. ATP5O is a component of the F-type ATPase found in the mitochondrial matrix. F-type ATPases are composed of a catalytic core and a membrane proton channel. ATP5O seems to be part of the connector connecting these two components and may be involved in transmission of conformational changes or proton conductance.

Cyclophilin-D is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and speeds up the protein folding. Cyclophilin-D possess PPIase activity and binds to the immunosuppressant cyclosporin-A. Cyclophilin-D is very well known that its overexpression suppresses the apoptosis in cancer cell. Cyclophilin-D suppresses apoptotic cell death by the use of mitochondrial hexokinase-2 dependent mechanism in cancer cells.

PPIH is a part of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and increase protein folding. PPIH enzyme is a precise factor of the complex that comprises pre-mRNA processing factors PRPF3, PRPF4, and PRPF18, as well as U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP. PPIH possess PPIase activity and acts as a protein chaperone that mediates the interactions between different proteins inside the spliceosome.

The three isoenzymes (MM, MB, and BB) are found in muscle, cardiac and brain tissues. These recombinant proteins are ideal for calibrating diagnostic instruments and researching neuromuscular diseases. Creatine Kinases can be used for indications in many neuromuscular applications. These disorders include cardiac disease, mitochondrial disorders, inflammatory myopathies, myasthenia, polymyositis, McArdle's disease, NMJ disorders, muscular dystrophy, ALS, hypo and hyperthyroid disorders, central core disease, acid maltase deficiency, myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, motor neuron diseases, rheumatic diseases, and other that create elevated or reduced levels of Creatine Kinases.

Human Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. SOD1 binds copper and zinc ions and is 1 of 3 isozymes accountable for destroying free superoxide radicals in the body. The encoded protein neutralizes supercharged oxygen molecules, which can damage cells if their levels are not controlled. Mutations in SOD1 cause a form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) is discovered in all tissues including red cells, lymphocytes and cultured fibroblasts (at protein level). PGP is most active in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. The catalytic activity of PGP is 2-phosphoglycolate + H2O = glycolate + phosphate. Diseases associated with PGP include tardive dyskinesia and polycystic kidney disease.

Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase 2, also known as PRPS2 is a member of the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family. PRPS2 catalyzes the synthesis of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate from ATP and D-ribose 5-phosphate.

CTSW protein belongs to the peptidase C1 family. CTSW is a cysteine proteinase with a detailed role in the regulation and mechanism of T-cell cytolytic activity. The encoded CTSW is linked to the membrane inside the endoplasmic reticulum of natural killer and cytotoxic T-cells. CTSW expression is up-regulated by interleukin-2.

Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (glpE) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme which is encoded by the nucleus. Escherichia coli glpE is a prototype for the single-domain rhodanese superfamily. glpE catalyzes the sulfur-transfer reaction in which a sulfur atom is transferred from thiosulfate to cyanide by a double-displacement mechanism.

TOP1 is an important nuclear enzyme that interconverts supercoiled DNA to the necessary topological conformations for standard DNA replication and transcription. TOP1 is the target antigen for TOP1 autoantibodies. TOP1 antibodies are a specific marker in scleroderma patients (specificity 98-100%) and are related with the existence of diffuse skin involvement and pulmonary fibrosis. In human tissues top1 enzyme is primarily synthesized as a protein with a molecular weight of 100-kDa. Most of this precursor is then proteolytically processed to a 70-kDa size, from which the TOP1 antigen has derived its name.

Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1G) belongs to a large family of carboxylesterases that are liable for the hydrolysis of ester and amide bonds. CES1G is also participates in the detoxification of xenobiotics prodrugs. CES1G shares the serine hydrolase fold observed in other esterases. CES1G found in rats and mice and is expressed mainly in liver, but also in kidney and lung.

Pfu DNA polymeraseenzyme is found in the hyperthermophilic archaeonPyrococcus furiosus, where it functions in vivoto replicate the organism's DNA. In vitro, Pfu is used to swiftly amplify DNAin the Polymerase Chain Reaction, where the enzyme serves the central function of copying a new strand of DNA during each extension step. Pfu DNA polymerase has superior thermostability and 'proofreading' properties compared to other thermostable polymerases. Unlike Taq DNA polymerase, Pfu DNA polymerase possesses 3' to 5' exonuclease proof reading activity, meaning that it works its way along the DNA from the 5' endto the 3' endand corrects nucleotidemisin corporation errors. Pfu DNA polymerase-generated PCRfragments will have fewer errors than Taq-generated PCR inserts. As a result, Pfu is more commonly used for molecular cloning of PCR fragments than the historically popular Taq. Pfu DNA polymerase is superior for techniques that require high-fidelity DNA synthesis, but can also be used in conjunction with Taq polymerase to obtain the fidelity of Pfu with the speed of Taq polymerase activity.

Dual specificity phosphatase 18 (DUSP18) belongs to the dual-specificity phosphatase (DSP) family, which catalyzes dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine residues. DUSP18 has a preferential enzymatic activity for phosphorylated tyrosine residues over threonine residues, in addition DUSP18 dephosphorylates p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) in vitro. Furthermore, DUSP18 is inhibited by iodoarectic acid and is activated by manganese ions. DUSP18 is extensively expressed with the highest levels in the liver, brain, ovary and testis.

AKR1B1 is part of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. AKR1B1 catalyzes the reduction several aldehydes, including the aldehyde form of glucose, and thus involved in the development of diabetic complications by catalyzing the reduction of glucose to sorbitol. AKR1B1 catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Transgenic mice over expressing human aldose reductase show that AKR1B1 is a key player in ischemic injury and impairment of functional and metabolic recovery after ischemia. Aldose Reductase is an obligatory mediator of TNF-alpha signaling leading to an increase in the expression of adhesion molecules and increased binding of monocytes to the endothelium. AKR1B1 is a critical regulator of TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic signaling in endothelial cells.

PDXP is the active form of vitamin B6 that functions as a coenzyme in preserving biochemical homeostasis. The desired degradation route from PLP to 4-pyridoxic acid involves the dephosphorylation of PLP by PDXP. PDXP shows activity to pyridoxal 5''-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxine 5''-phosphate (PMP) and Pyridoxine 5''-phosphate (PNP), with a highest activity with PLP followed by PNP.

ACO1 has a part in an iron sensor. ACO1 catalyzes the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a non-redox-active process.

ACOT11 belongs to the acyl-CoA thioesterase family which catalyses the transformation of activated fatty acids to the equivalent non-esterified fatty acid and coenzyme A. Expression of a mouse homolog in brown adipose tissue is induced by low temperatures and inhibited by high temperatures. Obesity-resistant mice demonstrated High levels of expression compared with obesity-prone mice, indicating BFIT takes part in acyl-CoA thioesterase 11 in obesity. BFIT has acyl-CoA thioesterase activity towards medium (C12) and long-chain (C18) fatty acyl-CoA substrates.

AnsA is a cytoplasmic asparaginase from E.coli involved in intracellular asparagine utilization. E.coli has 2 L-asparaginases: the cytoplasmic type I form (ansA) and the periplasmic type II form (ansB). AnsA (Type L asparaginase) is constitutively expressed and is obligatory for the growth of the bacteria on asparagine as the sole nitrogen source.

Streptokinase is an extracellular metallo-enzymeproduced by beta-haemolytic streptococcusand is used as an effective and cheap clot-dissolving medicationin some cases of myocardial infarction(heart attack) and pulmonary embolism.
It belongs to a group of medications known as fibrinolytics, and works by activating plasminogenthrough cleavage to produce plasmin.

Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 5 (CHST5) is a Golgi-embedded enzyme that is found in B cells, T cells and intestinal epithelium and is also mediates sulfation of keratan in cornea. CHST5 is a sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the transfer of sulfate to position 6 of non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine residues of keratan. CHST5 works on the non-reducing terminal GlcNAc of short andlong carbohydrate substrates that have poly-N-acetyllactosamine structures.