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THO Complex 7, also known as THOC7, is a component of the THO subcomplex of the TREX complex which couples mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export, and which related to spliced mRNA. THOC7 is a protein coding gene which is essential for export of polyadenylated RNA. Furthermore, THOC7 is associated with RNA transport.

SQSTM1 is an adapter protein which binds ubiquitin and mediates the activation of NFKB1 by TNF-a, NGF and IL-1. SQSTM1 is involved in titin/TTN downstream signaling in muscle cells. SQSTM1 controls signaling cascades through ubiquitination. SQSTM1 participates in cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and regulation of K(+) channels. Mutations in UBA domain of the SQSTM1 protein cause Paget’s disease because the UBA is essential for aggregate sequestration and cell survival.

Hepatitis B virus x interacting protein (HBXIP) forms a complex with the C-terminus of hepatitis B virus X (HBX) protein. HBXIP negatively regulates HBX activity and changes the replicative life cycle of the virus. Furthermore, HBXIP is involved in bipolar spindle formation and regulates centrosome dynamics and cytokinesis in cells, possibly due to interaction with Dynein light chain. HBXIP is highly expressed in the skeletal and cardiac muscle, followed by pancreas, kidney, liver, brain, placenta and lung. HBXIP has elevated levels in both cancerous and non-cancerous liver tissue of patients with chronic HBV infection compared with hepatic tissue without HBV infection.

Protein A is a cell wall protein deriving from Staphylococcus aureus which exhibits unique binding properties for IgG from a variety of mammalian species and for some IgM and IgA as well. It binds with the Fc region of immunoglobulins through interaction with the heavy chain. It couples to a wide variety of reporter molecules including fluorescent dyes, enzyme markers, biotin, colloidal gold and radioactive iodine without affecting the antibody binding site. Recombinant Protein A was developed to increase the specificity of the molecule for IgG and is widely used both in research and bioprocessing. The recombinant protein A is produced by expressing a modified protein A gene in E.coli. A specific purification process with strict quality control was taken to get the recombinant protein A with the purity of more than 98% , no human IgG affinity step is used during validated fermentation and purification and devoid of bacterial contaminant found normally in native Protein A. (Free of Staphylococcus endotoxins and hemolysin).

Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT or Tau) is a protein that stabilizes microtubules. MAPT is abundant in neurons in the central nervous system and is less common elsewhere. When MAPT is defective, and no longer stabilizes microtubules properly, it can result in dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Clusterin also named Apolipoprotein J (APO-J) is a 75-80 kD disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein containing about 30% of N-linked carbohydrate rich in sialic acid but truncated forms targeted to the nucleus have also been identified.
The precursor polypeptide chain is cleaved proteolytically to remove the 22-mer secretory signal peptide and subsequently between residues 227/228 to generate the a and b chains. These are assembled in anti-parallel to give a heterodimeric molecule in which the cysteine-rich centers are linked by five disulfide bridges and are flanked by two predicted coiled-coil a-helices and three predicted amphipathic a-helices.
Across a broad range of species clusterin shows a high degree of sequence homology ranging from 70% to 80%. It is nearly ubiquitously expressed in most mammalian tissues and can be found in plasma, milk, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and semen.
It is able to bind and form complexes with numerous partners such as immunoglobulins, lipids, bacteria, complement components, paraoxonase, beta amyloid, leptin and others. Clusterin has been ascribed a plethora of functions such as phagocyte recruitment, aggregation induction, complement attack prevention, apoptosis inhibition, membrane remodeling, lipid transport, hormone transport and/or scavenging, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition.
A genuine function of clusterin has not been defined. One tempting hypothesis says that clusterin is an extracellular chaperone protecting cells from stress induced insults caused by degraded and misfolded protein precipitates.
Clusterin is up- or down regulated on the mRNA or protein level in many pathological and clinically relevant situations including cancer, organ regeneration, infection, Alzheimer disease, retinitis pigmentosa, myocardial infarction, renal tubular damage, autoimmunity and others.

Tripartite Motif Containing 33 (TRIM33) belongs to the tripartite motif family. This motif includes 3 zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. TRIM33 is assumed to be a transcriptional corepressor. TRIM33 functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. TRIM33 also promotes SMAD4 ubiquitination, nuclear exclusion and degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. In addition, TRIM33 inhibits the transcriptional response to TGF-beta/BMP signaling cascade. Furthermore, TRIM33 has a role in the control of cell proliferation.

Energy Homeostasis Associated (ENHO) participates in glucose homeostasis maintenance and lipid metabolism. ENHO is expressed in the liver and the brain. The role of ENHO in obesity or diabetes is studied.

TMED10, which has a GOLD domain, belongs to the EMP24/GP25L/p24 family. TMED10, a type I membrane protein is restricted to the plasma membrane and golgi cisternae and takes part in vesicular protein transferring. Additionally, TMED10 is a fragment of the heteromeric secretase complex and controls the complex's gamma- secretase activity without influencing its epsilon-secretase activity. Alterations in TMED10 are linked to early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. TMED10 has a pseudogene on chromosome 8.

Proteasome 26S Subunit, Non-ATPase 5, also known as PSMD5 is a member of the proteasome subunit S5B/HSM3 family. The 26S proteasome is an enzymatic complex which degrades ubiquitinated proteins in eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, PSMD5 acts as a chaperones which is involved in the assembly of the 26s proteasome, particularly of the base subcomplex of the PA700/19S regulatory complex. PSMD5 is full of dileucine repeats, which have been involved in trafficking of various transmembrane proteins.

AP-3 complex subunit sigma-1 (AP3S1) belongs to the AP-3 complex, an adapter-related complex which is not clathrin-associated. AP3S1 is linkd with the Golgi region in addition to more peripheral structures. AP3S1 facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane and involved in trafficking to lysosomes.

COPZ1 is a member of the adaptor complexes small subunit family. Coatomer is an oligomeric complex which contains as a minimum the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits. The zeta subunit has a part in regulating the coat assembly and, therefore, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.

Serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 7 (SPINK7) which includes one Kazal-like domain is most likely serine protease inhibitor. Diseases linked with SPINK7 include esophageal cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma

a-Synuclein (amino acids 1-140), an acidic neuronal protein of 140 amino acids, is extremely heat-resistant and is natively unfolded with an extended structure primarily composed of random coils. a-synuclein has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, and more recently, to be an important regulatory component of vesicular transport in neuronal cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a-synuclein has chaperone activity and that this activity is lost upon removing its C-terminal acidic tail (amino acids 96-140).

IFT20 is a fragment of intraflagellar transport (IFT) elements which takes part in ciliary process assembly. IFT20 is involved in the transferring of ciliary membrane proteins from the Golgi complex to the cilium and is expressed in virtually all tissues.

Elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 5 (ELP5) is a member of the ELP5 family. ELP5 functions as subunit of the RNA polymerase II elongator complex, which is a histone acetyltransferase component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) holoenzyme and is participated in transcriptional elongation. Elongator plays a role in chromatin remodeling and is involved in acetylation of histones H3 and probably H4. ELP5 takes part in cell migration and is widely expressed in in heart, brain, liver, skeletal muscle and testis.

Trypsin inhibitor SPINK1 is secreted from pancreatic acinar cells into pancreatic fluid. SPINK1 has a role in inhibition of trypsin-catalyzed premature initiation of zymogens in the pancreas and the pancreatic duct. Alterations in SPINK1 gene are the cause for tropical calcific and pancreatitis hereditary pancreatitis.

Tachykinin-1 (TAC1) belongs to the tachykinin peptide hormone family. TAC1 are a family of peptides which have similar biologic activities and share a common C-terminal sequence, phe-X-gly-leu-met-NH2, however they have distinct N-terminal sequences that convey receptor specificities. TAC1 is assumed to act as neurotransmitters which interact with nerve receptors and smooth muscle cells. TAC1 induces behavioral responses and serves as vasodilators and secretagogues.

GOPC is a PDZ domain-containing Golgi protein which binds the extreme C terminus of proteins in a sequence-specific manner. GOPC participates in intracellular protein trafficking and degradation. GOPC regulates CFTR chloride currents and acid-induced ACCN3 currents by modulating cell surface expression of both channels. GOPC regulates the intracellular trafficking of the ADR1B receptor. GOPC takes part in autophagy. GOPC over expression results in CFTR intracellular retention and degradation in the lysosomes.

Ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 (ATG10) is a 220 amino acid protein which localizes to the cytoplasm and has a role in autophagy, specifically acting as an E2-like enzyme providing Atg recognition sites during autophagosome synthesis. ATG10 functions as an E2-like enzyme which catalyzes the conjugation of ATG12 to ATG5, which is required for autophagy. In addition, ATG10 interacts with ATG12 in human embryonic kidney cells in the presence of ATG7. ATG10 probably serves as an ATG5-recognition molecule. Furthermore, ATG10 has a role in adenovirus-mediated cell lysis.

VAMP8 also called endobrevin, is the main component of a SNARE complex involved in the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. VAMP8 protein is involved in the regulatation of enzyme secretion in pancreatic acinar cells and plays a part in the abscission of the midbody during cell division, which leads to completely separate daughter cells. VAMP8 is essential for dense-granule secretion in platelets. VAMP8 is related with the perinuclear vesicular structures of the early endocytic compartment. VAMP8 interacts particularly with the soluble NSF-attachment protein (alpha-SNAP), through an VAMP8-containing SNARE complex.

DNAJC19 is part of a complex involved in the ATP-dependent transport of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner cell membrane to the mitochondrial matrix. DNAJC19 is a single-pass membrane protein which contains a J domain and is localized to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Expressed ubiquitously, DNAJC19 acts as a component of the mitochondrial DNAJC19 complex that is responsible for the ATP-dependent translocation of select proteins from the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix. Defects in the DNAJC19 gene are the cause of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 5 (MGA5), otherwise known as dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA).

Peroxisomal Biogenesis Factor 26 (PEX26) which is a part of the peroxin-26 gene family is probably required for protein import into peroxisomes. PEX26 attaches PEX1 and PEX6 to peroxisome membranes to form heteromeric AAA ATPase complexes needed for the import of proteins into peroxisomes. Deficiencies in this gene are the cause of peroxisome biogenesis disorder complementation group 8. PBD is a group of peroxisomal disorders evolving from a failure of protein import into the peroxisomal membrane or matrix.

CUTC belongs to the Cut family and may be involved in efflux trafficking of cuprous ion. The Cut family is linked with the copper homeostasis and involved in several vital metabolisms, such as uptake, storage, delivery, and efflux of copper. Copper which is an essential heavy metal trace element has an imperative role in cell physiology.