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Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 25 (CCDC25) is a 208 amino acid protein belonging to the CCDC25 family.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

CRADD is a 22kDa, widely-expressed cytosolic adaptor/signaling protein that induces cell apoptosis/cell death in numerous tissues. CRADD is a death domain (CARD) that recruits, caspase 2/ICH1 to the cell death signal transduction complex that includes TNFR1A, RIPK1/RIP kinase, and numbers of other CARD domain-containing proteins.

V-Set Domain Containing T Cell Activation Inhibitor 1, also known as VCTN1, is part of the B7 costimulatory protein family. Proteins in this family are located on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and interact with ligand bound to receptors on the surface of T cells. High level of the encoded protein has been associated with tumor progression. VCTN1 also takes part in promoting epithelial cell transformation.

LZIC is a member of the CTNNBIP1 family. LZIC protein is universally expressed, with largest levels in kidney and up-regulated in various cases of gastric cancers. LZIC has no interaction with CTNNB1.

Galectin 3, or LGALS3, is a protein which belongs to the animal lectins family, that binds betagalactoside residues selectively. LGALS3 is originated and leaves cells through ectocytosis. The protein is capable of inhibition apoptosis and the development of cancer. Galectin 3 is found in epithelial tissues in organisms, it can be located in dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, macrophages etc. LGALS3 levels elevated when inflammation is generating, cell proliferation, trans-activation by viral proteins and cell differentiation.

PLCXD3, also referred to asphosphatidylinositol Specific Phospholipase C X Domain Containing 3, contains 1 PI-PLC X-box domain. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, is one of the diseases linked with PLCXD3. It is related to Ectoderm Differentiation, obsolete signal transducer activity and phosphoric diester hydrolase activity.

Leukocyte Cell Derived Chemotaxin 1, also known as LECT1, is a glycosylated transmembrane protein which is cleaved to form a mature, secreted protein. The mature protein encourages chondrocyte growth and inhibits angiogenesis. The mature protein takes part in endochondral bone development by permitting cartilaginous anlagen to be vascularized and replaced by bone. LECT1 is expressed in the avascular area of prehypertrophic cartilage and its expression reduces during vascular invasion and chondrocyte hypertrophy.

Leukocyte Cell-Derived Chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) functions as a chemotactic factor to neutrophils. LECT2 stimulates the proliferation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts. LECT2 is strongly expressed in the liver and weakly in the testis. LECT2 is a secreted, 16kDa protein which serves as a chemotactic factor to neutrophils and stimulates the growth of chondrocytes and osteoblasts. LECT2 protein has a high sequence similarity to the chondromodulin repeat regions of the chicken myb-induced myeloid 1 protein. A polymorphism in the LECT2 gene is linked with rheumatoid arthritis.

DnaJ (Hsp40) Homolog, Subfamily C, Member 12 (DNAJC12) belongs to the DnaJ/Hsp40 family. DnaJ/Hsp40 family members are linked with complex assembly, protein folding, and export. DnaJ/Hsp40 proteins are extremely conserved throughout evolution and function as co-chaperones regulating protein folding, transport, translational initiation and gene expression. DnaJC12 has a role in protein folding and export and is believed to be involved in estrogen control and the development of breast cancer. DNAJC12 is expressed at high levels in the brain, heart, and testis, and at reduced levels in the kidney and stomach.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokinen family that is also called inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and (IP-9). I-TAC is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate. Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-g and IFN-b, and weakly induced by IFN-a. The I-TAC chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. I-TAC is chemotactic for activated T cells. The CXCL11 gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.

BCDIN3D is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily and contains 1 Bin3-type SAM domain. BCDIN3D acts in the catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule. BCDIN3D is an O-methyltransferase which specifically dimethylates the 5' monophosphate of pre-miRNAs, serving as a negative regulator of miRNA processing. BCDIN3D mediates the methylation of pre-miR-145, as well as other pre-miRNAs.

FCGR3B, also known as CD16b belongs to the Ig super family. FCGR3B encodes a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein which is expressed constitutively by neutrophils. FCGR3B binds to complex or aggregated IgG and monomeric IgG. Different from III-A, FCGR3B cannot arbitrate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. FCGR3B operate to capture immune complexes in peripheral blood circulation that does not activate neutrophils.

Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5 (Irisin) is a newly discovered hormone, secreted into circulation by muscle, which acts on white adipocytes and promotes WAT “browning”. r-Irisin can reduce body weight and cause induction of brown adipocyte in vivo, including a capacity for thermogenic energy expenditure mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1). Irisin mature protein is comprised of 110 amino acid residues and two potential glycosylation sites. High levels of Irisin can be found in the heart whereas Very low expression is found in the colon, pancreas and spleen, if any.

Killer Cell lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K, Member 1 (KLRK1) is an activating receptor which has recently generated considerable interest. The most fascinating of these, are a couple of closely related proteins known as MICA and MICB. These are cell-surface molecules distantly related to MHC class I proteins, and their genes have elements of heat shock promoters. Thus, MICA and MICB are expressed in the course of cell stress and are up-regulated in tumor cells and during viral infections. This receptor-ligand combination has a crucial role in the immune response to various pathologies.

JmjC domain-containing protein 7 (JMJD7) is a member of the JMJD family. JMJD7 encodes highly conserved proteins with a JmjC domain, which are part of the cupin metalloenzyme superfamily. JMJD7 was first thought to be an alternatively spliced isoform of PLA2G4B. It is derived from JMJD7 which is located upstream of PLA2G4B. Most tissues also express read-through transcripts from JMJD7 into the downstream PLA2G4B gene, some of which may encode fusion proteins combining the N-terminus of JMJD7 with PLA2G4B protein.

Cytotoxic and Regulatory T Cell Molecule, also known as CRTAM belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily which complies with the structural characteristics of the JAM family and is phylogenetically more closely related to nectin-like proteins. CRTAM is implicated in epithelial cell adhesion. Furthermore, CRTAM interacts with CADM1 as well as promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity.

SORBS3 is an SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein. The existence of SH3 domains in the SORBS3 protein have a role in its capability to attach to other cytoplasmic molecules and contribute to cystoskeletal organization, cell adhesion and migration, signaling, and gene expression. Various transcript variants encoding different isoforms are known for this gene.

E-Selectin belongs to a family of divalent cation-dependent carbohydrate-binding glycoproteins or adhesion molecules. CD62E is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and mediates the interaction of leukocytes and platelets with endothelial cells during an inflammatory response. CD62E is found in cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells and is accountable for the accumulation of blood leukocytes at sites of inflammation by mediating the adhesion of cells to the vascular lining. It demonstrates structural features such as the existence of lectin- and EGF-like domains followed by short consensus repeat (SCR) domains that contain 6 conserved cysteine residues. E-Selectin participates in the interaction between leukocytes and the endothelium and appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae. HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6). HCV NS3 (genotype 1b) contains 2 domains which are serine protinase and helicase. C33c is a fragment of NS3 containing the most important epitopes recognized by HCV antibody.

Complement C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b and is activated by all 3 pathways of complement activation. Each pathway of complement activation generates proteolytic enzyme complexes which binds to the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in the larger alpha chain of C5 releasing the highly potent anaphylatoxin C5a and activating C5b. C5a has an imperative role in chemotaxis and C5b forms the 1st part of the complement membrane attack complex. Complement C5 is the 5th component of complement, which plays a central role in inflammatory and cell killing processes.

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 7 isoform 1, also known as SIGLEC7, is a newly discovered family of sialic acid-binding lectins of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. The extracellular portion has two Ig-like domains, with the amino-terminal V-set Ig domain containing amino acid residues which known to be implicated in sialic acid recognition by other Siglecs. The combination of an extracellular sialic acid binding site and an intracellular ITIM motif proposes that SIGLEC7 is involved in trans-membrane regulatory signaling reactions. Furthermore, on the cell surface SIGLEC7 exists as a monomer and is expressed on natural killer cells.

BID accession number NP_001187 is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein having only the BH3 domain. In reaction to apoptotic signaling, BID interacts with another Bcl-2 family of cell death regulators, called Bax, they form a heterodimer resulting to the insertion of Bax into the outer mitochondrial membrane. Bax induces the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel which lead to the release of cytochrome c and other pro-apoptotic factors from the mitochondria resulting in activation of caspases. BID is a mediator of mitochondrial damage induced by caspase-8 (CASP8). CASP8 cleaves BID, and the COOH-terminal part translocates to mitochondria where it triggers cytochrome c release. The major proteolytic product p15 BID releasea cytochrome c. Isoform 1, Isoform 2 and Isoform 4 induce ice-like proteases and apoptosis while Isoform 3 does not induce apoptosis.

C3 is central to the activation of all 3 pathways of complement activation. Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic enzyme complexes which binds the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. Most of the C3 activated during complement activation never attaches to the surface due to its thioester reaction with water forming fluid phase C3b which is rapidly inactivated by factors H and I forming iC3b. Surface-bound C3b is necessary in all 3 pathways for efficient activation of C5 and formation of C5b-9 complexes that lyse the target cell membrane.