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Leucine Rich Repeat And Ig Domain Containing 1, also known as Lingo1 is primarily expressed in neuronal tissue, and most abundantly in the cortex. In addition, Lingo 1 is involved in the inhibition of axon regeneration all the way through a ternary complex formed with NgR1 (ligand-binding subunit) and p75 (signal transducing subunit). The inhibitory action is accomplished through RhoA-GTP upregulation in response to the presence of MOG, MAG or Nogo-66 in the central nervous system. Furthermore, LINGO-1 inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation as well as myelination, by a mechanism which also involves activation of RhoA, however it appears that it does not require 75 or NgR1.

Interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (Il5ra) regulates the development and function of eosinophils. The Il5ra protein is a therapeutic target for hypereosinophilic diseases including allergic inflammations and asthma. Oct2 enhances antibody-secreting cell differentiation via regulation of Il5ra chain expression on activated B cells.

Osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor isoform 6 or OSCAR, is a receptor for surfactant protein D that can be found on human myeloid cells. OSCAR is part of the TNF-α release from human CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes process. The protein is involved in antigen presentation and activation of dendritic cells. Preosteoclasts or mature osteoclasts express the OSCAR protein. Patients that suffer from RA (rheumatoid arthritis) has upregulations on monocytes which present increased proosteoclastogenic potential.

Active IL-12 is a p70 disulphide-linked dimer composed of p35 and p40 subunits. The protein is a pleiotropic cytokine produced primarily by antigen presenting cells and has multiple effects on T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in terms of stimulating cytotoxicity, proliferation, production of other cytokines and Th1 subset differentiation.

IL-7 is a cytokine important for B and T cell development. This cytokine and the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) form a heterodimer that functions as a pre-pro-B cell growth-stimulating factor. This cytokine is found to be a cofactor for V(D)J rearrangement of the T cell receptor beta (TCRB) during early T cell development. This cytokine can be produced locally by intestinal epithelial and epithelial goblet cells, and may serve as a regulatory factor for intestinal mucosal lymphocytes. Knockout studies in mice suggested that this cytokine plays an essential role in lymphoid cell survival.

Interleukin-1 ra is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. This protein inhibits the activities of interleukin 1, alpha (IL1A) and interleukin 1, beta (IL1B), and modulates a variety of interleukin 1 related immune and inflammatory responses. This gene and five other closely related cytokine genes form a gene cluster spanning approximately 400 kb on chromosome 2. A polymorphism of this gene is reported to be associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures and gastric cancer. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

IL-1Ra is the natural antagonist of the pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-1? and Interleukin-1?. IL-1Ra is produced by a variety of cells including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and fibroblasts in response to the binding of various pro-inflammatory cytokines.

IL-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine. This cytokine can induce the IFN-gamma production of T cells. The combination of this cytokine and IL12 has been shown to inhibit IL4 dependent IgE and IgG1 production, and enhance IgG2a production of B cells. IL-18 binding protein (IL18BP) can specifically interact with this cytokine, and thus negatively regulate its biological activity.

IL4 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells. IL4 is a ligand for interleukin 4 receptor. The interleukin 4 receptor also binds to IL13, which may contribute to many overlapping functions of this cytokine and IL13. STAT6, a signal transducer and activator of transcription, has been shown to play a central role in mediating the immune regulatory signal of this cytokine. This gene, IL3, IL5, IL13, and CSF2 form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 5q, with this gene particularly close to IL13. IL4, IL13 and IL5 are found to be regulated coordinately by several long-range regulatory elements in an over 120 kilobase range on the chromosome. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit or CDW210A, is a part of the IL-10 receptor. This protein is encoded by the IL10RA gene in humans. IL10RA is a receptor for IL-10 (interleukin 10), it is part of the interferon receptors family. This protein is responsible for the inhibition of interferon receptors synthesis by taking part in the immunosuppressive signal of interleukin 10. Among its other roles are the insulin receptor substrate-2/PI 3-kinase/AKT pathway and phosphorylation of JAK1 and TYK2 kinases.

TRAIL Receptor-3, also known as TNFRSF10C belongs to theTNF-receptor super family. TNFRSF10C contains an extracellular TRAIL-binding domain as well as a transmembranedomain, however no cytoplasmic death domain. Furthermore, TNFRSF10C is not capable of inducing apoptosis, and is considered toact as an antagonistic receptor which protects cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis.

Interleukin 2 receptor is a protein that involves immune responses that are mediated through T cells. The IL2 receptor exists in three ways in which it can bind to IL2. CD25 is the lowest affinity (a monomer of the alpha subunit), therefore, it is not part of the signal transduction process. The highest affinity has three heterotrimer subunits (alpha/beta/gamma), the intermediate affinity is found to have gamma/beta subunit heterodimer. Both forms are part of the receptor mediated endocytosis and mitogenic signals transduction from IL2.

CD79A is a signal-transducing part of the B-cell receptor which plays various roles in B cell development and function. CD79A is also needed for BCR surface expression and for efficient differentiation of pro-B and pre-B-cells. CD79A plays an important role in the tumor promoting effects of myeloid cells, and is a novel target for cancer therapy.

Semaphorin-4D (CD100) is a member of the semaphorin family containing 1 Ig-like C2-type domain, 1 PSI domain and 1 Sema domain. CD100 is the cell surface receptor forPLXN1B and PLXNB2 which plays a central role in cell-cell signaling. CD100 stimulates the migration of cerebellar granule cells and of endothelial cells, regulates dendrite and axon branching and morphogenesis. In addition, CD100 has a role in the immune system; it promotes signaling via SRC and PTK2B/PYK2, which subsequently mediates activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and of the AKT1 signaling cascade.

Interleukin-10 is a multifunctional cytokine produced by a variety of cell types including T helper cells activated B cells and activated macrophages. Interleukin-10 regulates immune-mediated inflammation and modulates the function of cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells.

Interleukin-1 ra is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. IL1RAinhibits the activities of interleukin 1, alpha (IL1A) and interleukin 1, beta (IL1B), and modulates a variety of interleukin 1 related immune and inflammatory responses. IL1RAand five other closely related cytokine genes form a gene cluster spanning approximately 400 kb on chromosome 2. A polymorphism of this gene is reported to be associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures and gastric cancer.

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that acts as a growth and differentiation factor for both B cells and eosinophils. IL5is a main regulator of eosinopoiesis, eosinophil maturation and activation. The elevated production of IL5is reported to be related to asthma or hypereosinophilic syndromes. The receptor of IL5is a heterodimer, whose beta subunit is shared with the receptors for interleukine 3 (IL3) and colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2/GM-CSF). IL5, together with those for interleukin 4 (IL4), interleukin 13 (IL13), and CSF2, form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 5. IL5, IL4, and IL13 are found to be regulated coordinately by long-range regulatory elements spread over 120 kilobases on chromosome 5q31.

Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A (FCGR3A) is a receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G, and is involved in the elimination of antigen-antibody complexes from the circulation, as well as other antibody-dependent responses. FCGR3A needs to associate with the gamma subunit of Fc epsilon. The FCGR3A receptor is expressed on natural killer (NK) cells as an integral membrane glycoprotein anchored through a transmembrane peptide, while FCGR3B is expressed on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) where the receptor is anchored through a phosphatidylinositol (PI) linkage. In addition, FCGR3A is expressed on macrophages, subpopulation of T-cells, immature thymocytes and placental trophoblasts. FCGR3A mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and other antibody-dependent responses, such as phagocytosis. FCGR3A gene mutations are linked with susceptibility to recurrent viral infections, susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus, and alloimmune neonatal neutropenia.

IL-32 is part of the cytokine family and contains a tyrosine sulfation site, 3 potential N-myristoylation sites, multiple putative phosphorylation sites, and an RGD cell-attachment sequence. IL-32 expression is elevated after the activation of T-cells by mitogens or the activation of NK cells by IL-2. IL-32 induces the production of TNF-a from macrophage cells. IL-32 pro-inflammatory pathway is activated in response to influenza A virus infection. Dysregulation of IL-32 in myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia modulates apoptosis and impairs NK function.
Induction of TNF, IL-1beta, and IL-6 by IL-32 is intervened by p38-MAPK. IL-32 induced monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation is mediated through nonapoptotic, caspase-3-dependent mechanisms. IL32 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. IL-32 is involved in activation-induced cell death in T cells, through its intracellular actions. IL-32 is a cell-associated proinflammatory cytokine, which is particularly stimulated by mycobacteria through a caspase-1- and IL-18-dependent production of interferon gamma.
IL-32 is associated with TNF-a, IL-1beta, and IL-18. IL32 is involved in human rheumatoid arthritis and is a novel target in autoimmune diseases.

Interleukin-3 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced primarily by activated T cells. IL-3 is thought to function via specific cell surface receptors to stimulate the proliferation, differentiation and survival of haematopoietic cell lines. IL-3 has also been shown to affect the functional activity of a variety of other cell types including mast cells, eosinophils, megakaryocytes and basophils.

IL23 is composed of a subunit of the heterodimeric cytokine IL23 and the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL12B). Interleukin-23 (IL-23) belongs to the IL-12 family and is produced by antigen presenting cells. IL-23 using IL12RB1 and IL-23R (specific for IL-23) can activate STAT and NF-kB pathways and stimulate the production of interferon-gamma. ). IL-23 is known to take a vital part in the inflammation process and is associated with auto immune diseases. However, unlike IL12, which acts primarily on naive CD4(+) T cells, IL23 preferentially acts on memory CD4(+) T cells.