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EIF5A is the single protein identified to contain remarkable amino acid formed by the action of deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase using spermidine as the substrate. EIF5A takes part in the first step of peptide bond formation in translation, nevertheless further experiments implicates it as a universally conserved translation elongation factor. Modulation of EIF5A is connected to proliferation and cancer. Expression of EIF-5A is upregulated in the PBMCs of HIV-1 patients. EIF5A coordinates significant cellular processes like cell viability and senescence during its effects on the stability of certain mRNAs. Heat stress-induced loss of EIF-5A in a human pancreatic cancer cell line. EIF5A stability takes part in determining the fate of the particular cell type after severe heat stress.

V-Ets Avian Erythroblastosis Virus E26 Oncogene 2 (ETS2) is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in development and apoptosis. ETS2 is also a protooncogene which takes part in regulation of telomerase. ETS2 protein’s pseudogene is located on the X chromosome.

Glycophorins A & B (GYPA &GYPB) are the main sialoglycoproteins of the human erythrocyte membrane which carry the antigenic determinants for the MN and Ss blood groups. Along with the M or N and S or s antigens which normally occur in all populations, approximately 40 related variant phenotypes were identified. These variants comprise all the variants of the Miltenberger complex and some isoforms of Sta, as well as Dantu, Sat, He, Mg, and deletion variants Ena, S-s-U- and Mk. GYPA is significant for the function of SLC4A1 and is necessary for high activity of SLC4A1. GYPA is involved in translocation of SLC4A1 to the plasma membrane. GYPA is also a receptor for: the influenza virus, Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 (EBA-175); binding of EBA-175 is dependent on sialic acid residues of the O-linked glycans and is also a receptor for Hepatitis A virus (HAV).

Alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP) is an erythroid-specific protein that acts as a chaperone to prevent the aggregation of A-hemoglobin during normal erythroid cell development. AHSP specifically protects free A-hemoglobin from precipitation in live cells and in solution. AHSP is expected to modulate pathological states of alpha-hemoglobin excess such as beta-thalassemia. Furthermore, AHSP promotes alpha globin chain stability in human erythropoiesis. In addition, the AHSP stabilizes the alpha-Hb chain, thus avoiding its precipitation and its ability to generate ROS, which is implicated in cell death. AHSP is expressed in blood and bone marrow. AHSP subunit is a monomer, it forms a heterodimer with free alpha-hemoglobin. On the other hand, AHSP does not bind beta-hemoglobin nor alpha2beta2 hemoglobin A. AHSP is downregulated in TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies).

EIF4EBP1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1) belongs to a family of translation repressor proteins. EIF4EBP1 regulates eIF4E (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E) activity by preventing its assembly into the eIF4F complex and mediates the regulation of protein translation by hormones, growth factors and other stimuli that signal through the MAP kinase and mTORC1 pathways. EIF4EBP1 is phosphorylated in response to various signals including UV irradiation, resulting in its dissociation from eIF4E and activation of mRNA translation. EIF4EBP1 C-terminus has domains which control function and phosphorylation. EIF4EBP1 has a role in progression of breast neoplasms through cell signaling.

EIF2B1 is one of five subunits of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (EIF2B), which is a GTP exchange factor for eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and an essential regulator for protein synthesis. Phosphorylation of eIF2 inhibits GEF activity of EIF2B, an inhibition which requires the eIF2B1 subunit. Defects in eIF2B1 are a cause of leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM), a brain disease which is characterized by head trauma and motor deterioration.

Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) induces proliferation, migration, and fenestration in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. Its expression is induced by hypoxia and is restricted to the steroidogenic glands (ovary, testis, adrenal, and placenta). Its expression is often complementary to the expression of VEGF (MIM 192240), suggesting that these molecules function in a coordinated manner. EG-VEGF potently contracts gastrointestinal (gi) smooth muscle. Induces proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. Has little or no effect on a variety of other endothelial and non-endothelial cell types.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J (EIF3J) is a member of the EIF-3 subunit J family. EIF3 has a crucial role in binding of initiator methionyl-tRNA and mRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit to produce the 40S initiation complex. EIF3J binds to the aminoacyl (A) site and mRNA access channel of the 40S subunit, setting EIF3J directly in the ribosomal decoding center. In addition, EIF3J interacts with eIF1A and reduces 40S subunit affinity for mRNA. An elevated affinity for mRNA is restored upon enlistment of initiator tRNA, despite the fact EIF3J remains in the mRNA-binding cleft in the presence of tRNA.

Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 (C19ORF80) is a significant new regulator of lipid metabolism which regulates serum triglyceride levels, possibly by promoting ANGPTL3 cleavage. C19ORF80 belongs to the ANGPTL protein family. C19ORF80 is a hormone which specifically promotes pancreatic beta cell proliferation and beta cell mass expansion, thus improving glucose tolerance. C19ORF80 is mainly expressed in the liver; it is also expressed in adipose tissues. C19ORF80 is expressed in response to food intake.

Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 (C19ORF80) is a significant new regulator of lipid metabolism which regulates serum triglyceride levels, possibly by promoting ANGPTL3 cleavage. C19ORF80 belongs to the ANGPTL protein family. C19ORF80 is a hormone which specifically promotes pancreatic beta cell proliferation and beta cell mass expansion, thus improving glucose tolerance. C19ORF80 is mainly expressed in the liver; it is also expressed in adipose tissues. C19ORF80 is expressed in response to food intake and stimulated by insulin.

Thyrotroph embryonic factor (TEF) is a nuclear transcription factor which is a part of the bZIP (basic region/leucine zipper) family and PAR subfamily. TEF binds DNA as either a homodimer or heterodimer, and is known to transactivate the TSH beta promoter. TEF accumulates according to a robust circadian rhythm and is also inhibits cell growth by down-regulating beta chain expression of cytokine receptors.

Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) induces proliferation, migration, and fenestration in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. Its expression is induced by hypoxia and is restricted to the steroidogenic glands (ovary, testis, adrenal, and placenta). Its expression is often complementary to the expression of VEGF (MIM 192240), suggesting that these molecules function in a coordinated manner. EG-VEGF potently contracts gastrointestinal (gi) smooth muscle. Induces proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. Has little or no effect on a variety of other endothelial and non-endothelial cell types.

VAMP8 also called endobrevin, is the main component of a SNARE complex involved in the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. VAMP8 protein is involved in the regulatation of enzyme secretion in pancreatic acinar cells and plays a part in the abscission of the midbody during cell division, which leads to completely separate daughter cells. VAMP8 is essential for dense-granule secretion in platelets. VAMP8 is related with the perinuclear vesicular structures of the early endocytic compartment. VAMP8 interacts particularly with the soluble NSF-attachment protein (alpha-SNAP), through an VAMP8-containing SNARE complex.

EFNB1 is a member of the Eph family. The cell-surface proteins Ephrins split into two groups, ephrin-A and ephrin-B, based on their structure and function and perform as ligands for Eph receptors. The transmembrane EFNB1 proteins have conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated upon interaction with an EphB receptor. In addition, EFNB1 transduces outside-in signals by C-terminal protein interfaces which influence integrin-mediated cell attachment and migration.

PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

Epidermal growth factor has a profound effect on the differentiation of specific cells in vivo and is a potent mitogenic factor for a variety of cultured cells of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. The EGF precursor is believed to exist as a membrane-bound molecule which is proteolytically cleaved to generate the 53-amino acid peptide hormone that stimulates cells to divide.
EGF stimulates the growth of various epidermal and epithelial tissues in vivo and in vitro and of some fibroblasts in cell culture.

ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 are angiopoietin-like proteins secreted and expressed mainly by the liver, their role being the regulation of triglyceride metabolism by inhibiting the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. During different nutritional states (feeding/fasting) the levels of the circulating triglycerides are regulated by Angptl3 and Angptl4 through differential inhibition of Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) as shown by the experimental data. The molecular structure of ANGPTL3 is similar to that of the angiopoietins (vascular endothelial growth factors). Deletion mutants of human Angiopoietin 5 were used in order to demonstrate that the N-terminal domain (fragment 17-207) and not the C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain (fragment 207-460) increased the plasma triglyceride levels in mice.

ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 are angiopoietin-like proteins secreted and expressed mainly by the liver, their role being the regulation of triglyceride metabolism by inhibiting the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. During different nutritional states (feeding/fasting) the levels of the circulating triglycerides are regulated by Angptl3 and Angptl4 through differential inhibition of Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) as shown by the experimental data. The molecular structure of ANGPTL3 is similar to that of the angiopoietins (vascular endothelial growth factors). Deletion mutants of human Angiopoietin 5 were used in order to demonstrate that the N-terminal domain (fragment 17-207) and not the C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain (fragment 207-460) increased the plasma triglyceride levels in mice.

EED is a part of the Polycomb-group family whose members form multimeric protein complexe that are involved in preserving the transcriptional repressive state of genes over successive cell generations. EED mediates repression of gene activity through histone deacetylation, and acts as a specific regulator of integrin function. EED protein interacts with enhancer of zeste 2, the cytoplasmic tail of integrin ?7, immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) MA protein, and histone deacetylase proteins.

EEF1A1 is an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible forthe enzymatic release of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. EEF1A1 is expressed in brain, placenta, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas, and the other isoform (alpha 2) is expressed in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. EEF1A1 is recognized as an autoantigen in 66% of patients with Felty syndrome. EEF1A1 has multiple copies on numerous chromosomes, part of them, if not all, symbolize different pseudogenes. Among the diseases associated with EEF1A1 are tinea nigra and andcervical cancer.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit I (EIF3I) is part of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is essential for numerous steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex links with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2: GTP: methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also essential for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. Among the diseases associated with EIF3I are clonorchiasis, and tonsillitis.

EIF5A2 is part of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A subfamily, is an vital protein strongly linked to cellular polyamine homeostasis. EIF5A2 promotes the formation of the first peptide bond during the initial stage of protein synthesis. EIF5A2 is the single eukaryotic protein to have a hypusine residue, which is a post-translational modification of a lysine by the addition of a butylamino group.