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Adipocyte plasma membrane-associated protein, also known as APMAP, is a member of the strictosidine synthase family. APMAP exhibits strong arylesterase activity with beta-naphthyl acetate in addition to phenyl acetate and takes part in adipocyte differentiation.

M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 (CDC25A) belongs to the CDC25 family of phosphatases. CDC25A is essential for progression from G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. CDC25A activates the cyclin-dependent kinase CDC2 by eliminating 2 phosphate groups. CDC25A is specifically degraded in reaction to DNA damage, which inhibits cells with chromosomal abnormalities from progressing in the course of cell division. CDC25A is an oncogene, though its exact function in oncogenesis has not been determined.

Diphthamide biosynthesis protein 2 (DPH2) is a homodimer and each of its monomers can bind a [4Fe-4S] cluster. DPH2 is the target of ADP ribosylating diphtheria toxin (DT) and Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE). DPH2 was identified by its ability to complement a diphthamide mutant strain, and thus serves in diphthamide biosynthesis. The loss of DPH2 pre-activates NF-kB and death receptor pathways and renders MCF7 cells hypersensitive to tumor necrosis factor.

DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells, (XPA), is a member of the XPA family. XPA protein takes a part in DNA excision repair. It Inductees repair by binding to damaged sites with different affinities depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region. Defects in XPA is the reason of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP-A), which is infrequent human autosomal recessive disease which characterized by solar sensitivity, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight, also may cause to neurological abnormalities.

Peroxisome proliferators are non-genotoxic carcinogens which are purported to exert their effect on cells through their interaction with members of the nuclear hormone receptor family termed peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPARs). Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-dependent intracellular proteins that stimulate transcription of specific genes by binding to specific DNA sequences following activation by the appropriate ligand. Studies indicate that PPARs are activated by peroxisome proliferators such as clofibric acid, nafenopin, and WY-14,643, as well as by some fatty acids.

CD79A is a signal-transducing part of the B-cell receptor which plays various roles in B cell development and function. CD79A is also needed for BCR surface expression and for efficient differentiation of pro-B and pre-B-cells. CD79A plays an important role in the tumor promoting effects of myeloid cells, and is a novel target for cancer therapy.

Lin7A is a member of the lin-7 family. Lin7A is comprised of one L27 domain and one PDZ (DHR) domain. Lin7A plays a part in launching and maintaining the asymmetric distribution of channels and receptors at the plasma membrane of polarized cells. Lin7A is expressed in the brain, testis, kidney, placenta and liver.

Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) is a secretory protein not normally expressed in healthy pancreas but highly induced during acute pancreatitis. While PAP has been shown to be anti-bacterial and antiapoptotic in vitro, its definitive biological function in vivo is not clear. Using antisepse oligonucleotides, inhibition of PAP expression significantly worsened pancreatitis in a rat model. During pancreatitis, PAP released by the pancreas could mediate lung inflammation through induction of hepatic TNF- alpha expression and subsequent increase in circulating TNF-alpha.
PAP is activated in primary liver cancers. In normal liver, the protein is undetectable in normal mature hepatocytes and found only in some ductular cells, representing potential hepatic progenitor cells. PAP can be considered hepatic cytokine that combines mitogenic and anti-apoptotic functions regarding hepatocytes, and consequently acts as a growth factor in vivo to enhance liver regeneration. In pancreatic cancor, PAP was overexpressed in 79% (30 of 38) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 19% (7 of 36) of chronic pancreatitis, and 29% (2 of 7) of mucinous cystadenoma. PAP was found in malignant ductular structures in pancreatic carcinomas as well as in benign proliferating ductules and acinar cells in chronic pancreatitis. Elevation of PAP in patients with pancreatic cancer is not merely explainable by concomitant pancreatitis, but seems to be due to increased PAP production by the cancer cells and is also correlated to tumour load as expressed by the UICC stages.
Epithelial expression of PAP was induced under intestinal mucosal inflammation initiated by exposure to commensal bacteria or DSS as well as inflamed IBD colon. Increased serum level of PAP diagnosed ileal location in active Crohn disease with a sensitivity of 60%, a specificity of 94%, a positive predictive value of 84% and a negative predictive value of 81%. Elevated serum PAP (> 50 ng/mL) is significantly associated with disease activity and ileal location of Crohn disease.

LRPAP1 is a member of the alpha-2-MRAP family. LRPAP1 cooperates with LRP1/alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor and glycoprotein 330. LRPAP1, located on the cell surface, creates a complex with the alpha 2 macroglobulin receptor light and heavy chains and has part in the pathogenesis of membrane glomerular nephritis.

BDNF is crucial for the signal survival eukaryotes. BDNF is responsible for the development, repair, adaptation and proper functionality of the nervous system.
BDNF major roles include Neuron survival and development, synaptic flexibility, stress adaptation, Repair and recovery post injury/disease and Pain signaling.

Adaptor-related protein complex 1 associated regulatory protein (AP1AR) is essential for AP-1 dependent transport between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. AP1AR regulates the membrane association of AP1G1/Gamma1-adaptin which is one of the subunits of the AP-1 adapter complex. AP1AR plays a role as effector of AP-1 in calcium-induced endo-lysosome secretion. The interaction with AP1G1/Gamma1-adaptin attenuates the release of the AP-1 complex from membranes.

GAP43 is a phosphoprotein of the presynaptic membrane that takes part in synaptic reorganization and neural development. GAP43 is found in large quantities in neuronal growth cones all through the development and axonal regeneration. Additionally, GAP43 is involved in specific regions of the normal adult nervous system and has a vital part in the conservation mechanism of long-term potentiation (LTP).

GADD45GIP1 is a nuclear protein which takes part in apoptosis control. GADD45GIP1 is expressed in several tissues, such as heart, thyroid, trachea, kidney, ovary, pancreas, testis and stomach and acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S phase cell cycle production by collaborating with GADD45 proteins to inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

CD226 belongs to the Ig-superfamily containing 2 Ig-like domains of the V-set. CD226 is a 65kDa glycoprotein expressed on the surface NK cells, platelets, monocytes and a subset of T cells. CD226 facilitates cellular adhesion of platelets and megakaryocytic cells to vascular endothelial cells. CD226 also plays a role in megakaryocytic cell maturation.

HDAC2 is a member of the histone deacetylase family that performs through the construction of large multiprotein complexes and are in charge of the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal region of the core histones. HDAC2 forms transcriptional repressor complexes by relating to a diversity of proteins, like YY1- a mammalian zinc-finger transcription factor.
In addition, HDAC2 has a vital part in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental procedures.

PLGF is a growth factor active in angiogenesis, and endothelial cell growth, stimulating their proliferation and migration. It binds to receptor vegfr-1/flt1.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Associated Protein 2 (CDK2AP2) is a member of the CDK2AP family. CDK2-associated protein is assumed to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. CDK2AP2 is implicated in the regulation of self-renewal of stem cells during early embryogenesis. CDK2AP2 is a regulator for self-renewal of mESCs (mouse embryonic stem cells) under permissive conditions, and cell survival during differentiation of the mESCs into terminally differentiated cell types.

Charged multivesicular body protein 3 (VPS24/CHMP3) is a member of the vacuolar sorting protein family and function as chromatin modifying proteins. VPS24 links directly with CHMP2 and CHMP4 for the disassembly of ESCRT-III complex in an ATP-dependent manner. During HIV-1 infection, the virus uses the ESCRT-III complex to mediate budding and exocytosis of viral proteins. VPS24 overexpression strongly hinders HIV-1 release.

Follicular Dendritic Cell Secreted Protein (FDCSP) is a small secreted protein which is found in follicular dendritic cells. The FDCSP protein specifically binds to activated B cells, and serves as a regulator of antibody responses. In addition, FDCSP is assumed to contribute to tumor metastases by promoting cancer cell migration and invasion. FDCSP binds to the surface of B-lymphoma cells, but not T-lymphoma cells, which is consistent with a function as a secreted mediator acting upon B-cells. FDCSP is abundantly expressed in the tonsil, lymph node, and tracheam, having a strong expression in the prostate and a lower expression in the thyroid, stomach and colon.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone, is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. It acts to increase the concentration of calciumin the blood, whereas calcitonin (a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland) acts to decrease calcium concentration. PTH acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood by acting upon parathyroid hormone receptorin three parts of the body: In the bones- It enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones. Bone resorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL, which can bind to osteoclast precursors containing RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK stimulates these precursors to fuse, forming new osteoclasts which ultimately enhances the resorption of bone.
In the kidney- It enhances active reabsorption of calcium from distal tubules and the thick ascending limb.
In the intestine- It enhances the absorption of calcium in the intestine by increasing the production of vitamin D and upregulating the enzyme responsible for 1-alpha hydroxylationof 25-hydroxy vitamin D, converting vitamin D to its active form (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D) which effects the actual absorption of calcium (as Ca2+ ions) by the intestine via calbindin.
Recombinant Human full length PTH 1-84 has potential as an anti-osteoporotic agent, due to its properties as a bone formation stimulant, it increases bone turnover, stimulating osteoblasts and reducing both vertebral and non vertebral fractures.

LRPAP1 is a member of the alpha-2-MRAP family. LRPAP1 cooperates with LRP1/alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor and glycoprotein 330. LRPAP1, located on the cell surface, creates a complex with the alpha 2 macroglobulin receptor light and heavy chains and has part in the pathogenesis of membrane glomerular nephritis.

Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase-Associated Protein 2 (PRPSAP2) is a protein which relates with the enzyme phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS). PRS catalyzes the formation of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate which is a substrate for synthesis of purine, pyrimidine, histidine, tryptophan and NAD. PRS is a complex with 2 catalytic subunits and 2 associated subunits. PRPSAP2 encodes a non-catalytic associated subunit of PRS.

CMRF35-like molecule 6 (CD300C), is a member of the CD300 family. The CMRF35 antigen was identified by reactivity with a monoclonal antibody and present on monocytes, neutrophils, and some T and B lymphocytes.

BAIAP2 is a ubiquitous regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. Controled by the Rho-family GTPases BAIAP2 facilitates filopodia development. BAIAP2 is expressed in the cytoplasm and binds small membrane-bound G-proteins to cytoplasmic effector proteins. BAIAP2 was identified as interacting with the dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy gene, which is related to an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease.