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Vimentin expression in human malignant glioma cells depends on cellular density, algorithms of drug delivery and chemo/radio treatment. Vimentin and detyrosinated microtubules provide structural support for the extensive microtentacles observed in detached tumor cells and a mechanism to promote successful metastatic spread. Primary colorectal carcinomas display aberrant expression of vimentin, and have activated Notch and TGFbeta signaling pathways. Vimentin is a strong arterial substrate for transglutaminases. Transglutaminase-mediated vimentin dimerization results in a novel unifying pathway by which vasodilatory and remodeling responses may be regulated. Ablation of vimentin expression inhibits migration and invasion of colon and breast cancer cell lines.

Toll-interleukin1 receptor (TIR) domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) contains 1 TIR domain. TIRAP is an adapter molecule linked with toll-like receptors. TIRAP is required in TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways in the innate immune response. TIRAP activates NF-kappa-B, MAPK1, MAPK3 and JNK, which subsequently results in cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. TIRAP is highly expressed in the liver, kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle and heart. TIRAP is also found in peripheral blood leukocytes, lung, placenta, small intestine, thymus, colon and brain.

MGAT2 is an enzyme which takes part in the catalyzation of a crucial step in the reaction of oligomannose which converts to complex N-glycans. MGAT2 has three domains, classic to glycosyltransferase: short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a C-terminal catalytic domain and hydrophobic non-cleavable signal-anchor domain. The enzyme MGAT2 is encoded by the MGAT2 gene in humans. There are no introns in the DNA coding the gene, therefore mutations in the MGAT2 will result in carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, type II.

CD166 antigen isoform 2 (ALCAM) is a type 1 membrane glycoprotein and belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. ALCAM is expressed on thymic epithelium, microvascular endothelium, activated lymphocytes and monocytes, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. CD166 and CD6 interaction plays a role in T cell development and T cell regulation, as well as in the binding of T cells and B cells to activated leukocytes.

SARS-Associated Coronavirus Nuclecapsid is an enveloped viral componentthat contains three external structural antigens, the mains are membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a membrenal receptor and mediates membrane fusion to grant viral entry into the target cells. therefore, S-protein has a crucial part in virus infection cycle and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies.

GCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes.

Complement Component C5a (C5a) is involved in the complement system and it is encoded by the C5 gene in human. Complement C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b. C5a has an imperative role in chemotaxis and C5b forms the 1st part of the complement membrane attack complex. Complement C5 is the 5th component of complement, which plays a central role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. C5a protein is composed of alpha and beta polypeptide chains, which are linked by a disulfide bridge. An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin, which has potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derivative from the alpha polypeptide via cleavage with a convertase. The C5b macromolecular cleavage product forms a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for creation of the membrane attack complex, which includes supplementary complement components.

AIMP1 (EMPA2 or p43) is a cytokine that is specifically induced by apoptosis, and it is involved in the control of angiogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing. The release of the AIMP1 cytokine renders the tumor-associated vasculature sensitive to tumor necrosis factor. Furthermore, AIMP1 is involved in the stimulation of inflammatory responses after proteolytic cleavage in tumor cells.

CD4 is a cell-surface glycoprotein found on the mature helper T cells and immature thymocytes, as well as on monocytes and macrophages. (Some cytotoxic T cells have CD4 protein as well.) Normally, about 65% of T cells in the blood are CD4+ (have CD4 protein protruding from their membrane). A mature T cell with either have CD4 or CD8, but not both. During one stage of development T cells develop CD4 and CD8 receptors, but they eventually are differentiated in the thymus and become more specialized.

The three isoenzymes (MM, MB, and BB) are found in muscle, cardiac and brain tissues. These recombinant proteins are ideal for calibrating diagnostic instruments and researching neuromuscular diseases. Creatine Kinases can be used for indications in many neuromuscular applications. These disorders include cardiac disease, mitochondrial disorders, inflammatory myopathies, myasthenia, polymyositis, McArdle's disease, NMJ disorders, muscular dystrophy, ALS, hypo and hyperthyroid disorders, central core disease, acid maltase deficiency, myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, motor neuron diseases, rheumatic diseases, and other that create elevated or reduced levels of Creatine Kinases.

Nephroblastoma Overexpressed (NOV) which is encoded by the NOV gene is a part of the CCN (CTGF/CYR61/NOV) family. NOV takes part in reducing tumorgenicity and proliferation of certain cancer cell lines. NOV interacts with numerous proteins and is involved in both internal and external cell signaling. NOV is expressed in particular tumors, including Wilm’s tumor and most nephroblastomas and is also exerts proangiogenic activities.

CRP is an acute phase protein that correlates with inflammatory disease and is synthesized by hepatocytes during the acute phase response by certain cytokines (IL-1 and TNF Alpha and Beta). CRP levels increase dramatically (up to 1,000 fold) and serve as a useful marker of inflammation in such conditions as bacterial infection, rheumatoid arthritis, viral infections, transplantation rejection, meningitis, myocardial infarction, septicemia, osteomyelitis and others. CRP is also highly correlated to Serum Amyloid A levels.

CD14 (also known lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor) is expressed strongly on monocytes and macrophage and weakly on the surface of neutrophils. CD14 is anchored to cells by linkage to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and functions as a high affinity receptor for complexes of LPS and LPS binding protein (LBP). Soluble CD14, also binding to LPS, acts at physiological concentration as an LPS agonist and has, at higher concentrations, an LPS antagonizing effect in cell activation. CD14 has been shown to bind apoptotic cells.

BCA-1 is a CXC chemokine that is highly expressed in thesecondary lymphoid organs, such as follicles of the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. CXCL13 promotes the migration of B lymphocytes (compared to T cells and macrophages), by stimulating calcium influx into, and chemotaxis of, cells expressing Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1). BCA1 therefore function in the homing of B lymphocytes to follicles. Human BCA-1 shares a 64% amino acid sequence similarity with the mouse protein and 23 - 34% amino acid sequence identity with other known CXC chemokines. Recombinant or chemically synthesized BCA1 is a potent chemoattractant for B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes, monocytes or neutrophils. BLR1, a G protein-coupled receptor originally isolated from Burkitt’s lymphoma cells, has now been shown to be the specific receptor for BCA1. Among cells of the hematopoietic lineages, the expression of BLR-1, now designated CXCR-5, is restricted to B lymphocytes and a subpopulation of T helper memory cells.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

Clusterin also named Apolipoprotein J (APO-J) is a 75-80 kD disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein containing about 30% of N-linked carbohydrate rich in sialic acid but truncated forms targeted to the nucleus have also been identified. The precursor polypeptide chain is cleaved proteolytically to remove the 22-mer secretory signal peptide and subsequently between residues 227/228 to generate the ? and ? chains. These are assembled in anti-parallel to give a heterodimeric molecule in which the cysteine-rich centers are linked by five disulfide bridges and are flanked by two predicted coiled-coil ? -helices and three predicted amphipathic a-helices. Across a broad range of species clusterin shows a high degree of sequence homology ranging from 70% to 80%. It is nearly ubiquitously expressed in most mammalian tissues and can be found in plasma, milk, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and semen. It is able to bind and form complexes with numerous partners such as immunoglobulins, lipids, heparin, b

Stem cell factor / KIT ligand (SCF) is a cytokine which binds CD117(c-Kit). SCF is also known as "steel factor" or "c-kit ligand". SCF exists in two forms, cell surface bound SCF and soluble (or free) SCF. Soluble SCF is produced by the cleavage of surface bound SCF by metalloproteases. SCF is a growth factor important for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and other hematopoietic progenitor cells. One of its roles is to change the BFU-E (burst-forming unit-erythroid) cells, which are the earliest erythrocyte precursors in the erythrocytic series, into the CFU-E (colony-forming unit-erythroid).

MHC Class II is consists of 2 membrane spanning proteins. Each of these proteins is roughly 30 kDa, and has of two Globular domains, Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1 and Beta-2. The two regions farthest away from the membrane are alpha-1 and beta-1. The two proteins link without Covalent Bonds. The MHC Class II protein mainly presents peptides, which have been digested from external sources. MHC Class II is normally only expressed by Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) which digest foreign protein. Within the RER the alpha and beta proteins of the molecule, associate with each other, while a third protein called the "invariant chain," is necessary for stabilizing the complex, without it, they will not associate. The MHC-invariant complex is then passed from the RER, into and out of, the Golgi body. It fuses with an Endocytic compartment, where an external protein has been sampled and degraded.

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.

Eotaxin-3 (CCL26) is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family also known as TARC (thymus and activation regulated chemokine). CCL26 is major eotaxin produced and released by alveolar epithelial cells which is involved in autoregulation of CCR3 receptors and other eotaxins. Eotaxin-3 is involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. Eotaxin-3 specifically binds and stimulates chemotaxis in T cells and elicits its effects by interacting with the chemokine receptor CCR4. CCL26 exhibits chemotactic activity for normal peripheral blood eosinophils and basophils. Eotaxin-3 may play a part in the eosinophil accumulation in atopic diseases. Eotaxin-3 is overexpressed in eosinophilic esophagitis, and the expression level correlates with disease severity. Eotaxin-3 is expressed constitutively in thymus, but only briefly in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CCL26 is one of two Cys-Cys (CC) cytokine genes clustered on the q arm of chromosome 7.

BAT1 belongs to the DEAD box family of RNA-dependent ATPases that mediate ATP hydrolysis during pre-mRNA splicing. UAP56 protein is a vital splicing factor which is needed for connecting U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein with pre-mRNA, as well as takes a key part in mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Mutations in this protein may be connected to rheumatoid arthritis.

Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 1, also known as PCOLCE binds to the C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen and enhances procollagen C-proteinase activity. In addition, C-terminal processed part of PCPE (CT-PCPE) has a metalloproteinase inhibitory activity. Among the diseases which are associated with PCOLCE: bone fracture & oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.

Lipocalin-2 also called Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) belongs to a family of lipocans which include 25 proteins (including a1-microglobulin and b-lactoglobulin), which are characterized by their ability to bind small lipophilic substances in their hydrophobic core.
They thereby serve as transporters of substances like retinal, biliverdins & prostaglandins. There are indications that NGAL is involved in modulation of the inflammatory response and is found in the plasma of patients after stroke.