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ERCC1 polypeptide is essential for nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and is homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD10, which takes part in repair and mitotic intra-chromosomal recombination. NER mechanism includes dual incisions on both sides of the damage catalyzed by two nucleases. In mammalian cells XPG cleaves 3' of the DNA lesion while the ERCC1-XPF complex makes the 5' incision.

Transcriptional adapter 3 (TATD3) is a subunit of 2 histone acetyltransferase complexes, which functions as a component of the PCAF complex. TATD3 is a transcriptional activator adaptor that is also associates with the tumor suppressor protein p53 and is essential for full activity of p53 and p53-mediated apoptosis.

C9orf103 is a member of the gluconokinase gntK/gntV family. C9orf103 takes part in carbohydrate acid metabolism and D-gluconate degradation.

Target of Myb1-Like 2, also known as TOM1L2 is a member of theTOM1 family.TOM1L2 takes part in protein transport. Furthermore, TOM1L2 regulates growth factor-induced mitogenic signaling.

GNB2L1 was first known as an anchoring protein for protein kinase C beta (PKCbeta), which it stabilizes in the active state and anchors to membranes or functional sites. But, there is now confirmation that GNB2L1 has an essential part of in critical biological responses. GNB2L1 binds specifically to the active form of PKCbeta isoforms and cooperates with numerous other vital signaling proteins such as the androgen receptor, the Src kinase family, integrin beta1, integrin beta2, integrin beta3 and integrin beta5, beta-spectrin and dynamin, RasGAP, IGF-1r, Epstein-Barr virus trans-activator protein BZLF1, p73 and pRB. GNB2L1 is highly expressed in tissues of higher mammals and humans including spleen, liver and brain.

Leucine Rich Repeats And Immunoglobulin Like Domains 1 or LRIG1 is a protein, acting as is a pan-negative regulator of EGFR signal transduction. When studied along with ErbB proteins and Met kinase, LRIG1 was found to have regulation activities such as ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation increment of the receptors. Therefore, LRIG1 acts as a suppressor for tumors via cell proliferation control via negative regulation of tyrosine kinase receptors that belongs to the EGF protein family. LRIG1 expression is downregulated in cancer, and acts a prognostic tool for cancer development.

YWHAH belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins which mediate signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. 14-3-3 ETA is found in plants and mammals, and there is 99% identity to the mouse, rat and bovine orthologs. YWHAH gene contains a 7 base pair repeat sequence in its 5' UTR, and changes in the number of this repeat has been associated with early-onset schizophrenia.
14-3-3 eta is specific to the site of joint inflammation.
14-3-3 proteins are colocalized with Lewy bodies in Parkinson disease, though there is no specific staining for the 14-3-3 eta subunit.
There are 3 different isoforms types of 14-3-3: Beta, Gamma and ETA that are DAL-1/Protein 4.1B-binding proteins.

Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT or Tau) is a protein that stabilizes microtubules. MAPT is abundant in neurons in the central nervous system and is less common elsewhere. When MAPT is defective, and no longer stabilizes microtubules properly, it can result in dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Testican-3 (Spock3) is a nervous system-expressed heparan sulfate proteoglycan belonging to a subgroup of the BM-40/SPARC/osteonectin family, whose role of in brain development is unclear. Spock3 inhibits the processing of pro-matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2) by MT1-MMP and MT3-MMP. Spock3 is mostly confined to the developmental stage of the brain.

SPA17 is a protein present at the cell surface. SPA17 was characterized by its participation in the binding of sperm to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The central portion of SPA17 has carbohydrate binding motifs and likely takes part in cell-cell adhesion functions such as immune cell migration and metastasis.

Dysbindin domain-containing protein 1 (DBNDD1) is a member of the dysbindin family.

SERPINH1 is part of the serpin superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors. SEPINH1 expression is induced by heat shock. HSP47 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and binds collagen therefore it is a molecular chaperone which takes part in the maturation of collagen molecules, facilitating the folding and assembly of procollagen molecules, retaining unfolded molecules within the ER, and assisting the transport of correctly folded-molecules from the ER to Golgi apparatus. Autoantibodies to HSP47 protein have been found in rheumatoid arthritis. SERPINH1 binds specifically to collagen and acts as a chaperone in the biosynthetic pathway of collagen.

Dynein Axonemal Light Chain 1 (DNAL1) functions as a component of the outer dynein arms complex. DNAL1 acts as the molecular motor which supplies the force to move cilia in an ATP-dependent manner. DNAL1 is expressed in tissues with motile cilia or flagella and takes part in the movement of sperm flagella. Alternate splicing results in numerous transcript variants.

ADP-ribosylation factor 3 (ARF3) belongs to the human ARF gene family. This family encodes small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins which stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and have a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D. ARF3 functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin catalytic subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase. ARF3 is involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus. The ARF3 gene is comprised of 5 exons and 4 introns.

Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) belongs to the sirtuin family of proteins, homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. Sirtuin family members are characterized by a sirtuin core domain and grouped into 4 classes. The functions of human sirtuins have not yet been established; though, yeast sirtuin proteins are known to regulate epigenetic gene silencing and suppress recombination of rDNA. It has been proposed that the human sirtuins may serve as intracellular regulatory proteins with mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 (ARHGDIA) is a member of the RAS gene superfamily, which encodes small guanine nucleotide exchange (GTP/GDP) factors. ARHGDIA, which is localized to the cytoplasm, inhibits the dissociation of GDP from Rho proteins, thus preventing GTP from binding to and consequently activating Rho proteins. In humans, the ARHGDIA can be phosphorylated at Ser 101 by p21-activated kinase, an event that inhibits its activity and may result in positive feedback regulation of several ARHGDIA target proteins.

ARL2BP is an effector of ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2(ARL2) which is vital for nuclear retention of STAT3. The ARL2BP protein binds to ARL2.GTP with high affinity but does not interact with ARL2.GDP, activated ARF, or RHO proteins. Though primarily cytosolic, ARL2BP can enter the mitochondria and bind the adenine nucleotide transporter while bound to ARL2. Accordingly, it may also be involved in mitochondria transport and apoptosis.

Snail homolog 1 (SNAI1) is involved in induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), formation and maintenance of embryonic mesoderm, growth arrest, survival and cell migration. SNAI1 binds to 3 E-boxes of the E-cadherin gene promoter and represses its transcription. The nuclear protein encoded by SNAI1 is structurally identical to the Drosophila snail protein, and is considered as well to be vital for mesoderm formation in the developing embryo. At least two variants of a similar processed pseudogene have been found on chromosome 2. Among the diseases associated with SNAI1 are waardenburg syndrome type iid, and inappropriate adh syndrome.

STAM Binding Protein (STAMBP) is a zinc metalloprotease which specifically cleaves Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chains, however it doesn’t cleave Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains. STAMBP has a role in signal transduction for cell growth and MYC induction mediated by IL-2 and GM-CSF. In addition, STAMBP potentiates BMP signaling by antagonizing the inhibitory action of SMAD6 and SMAD7. STAMBP also has a major role in regulation of cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis and ubiquitin-dependent sorting of receptors to lysosomes. Endosomal localization of STAMBP is essential for efficient EGFR degradation but not for its internalization. STAMBP is also involved in the negative regulation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR and RAS-MAP signaling pathways.

Survivin is part of the of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family, which encodes negative regulatory proteins that prevent apoptotic cell death. Members of the IAP family include multiple baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domains, but Survivin has only a single BIR domain.
Survivin is an inhibitor of caspase activation therefore leading to negative regulation of apoptosis. BIRC5 is expressed in Merkel cell carcinoma.
BIRC5 polymorphism causes survivin expression, thus contributing to the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. BIRC5 expression in large cell lung cancer is substantially higher than in normal tissue cells. Survivin mRNA is up-regulated in tumors. Apoptotic response of infected intestinal epithelial cells is suppressed by C. parvum via upregulation of BIRC5, favoring parasite infection. Up-regulation of of Survivin is associated with breast carcinomas.
BIRC5 increases the activity of an oncolytic adenovirus in the presence of low-dose radiotherapy. ER- breast cancer cells become dependent on Notch-survivin signaling for their maintenance, in vivo. Survivin mRNA positive cases are related with bladder tumour recurrence elevated expression of survivin might play an important role of development in nasal polyps.

Translational activator of mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (TACO1) belongs to the TACO1 family. TACO1 is a mitochondrial protein which functions as a translational activator of mitochondrially-encoded cytochrome c oxidase 1. Mutations in this gene are associated with Leigh syndrome.

LanC Lantibiotic Synthetase Component C-Like 1 (LANCL1) belongs to the LanC family although formerly considered a part of the G-proteincoupled receptor superfamily. LANCL1 takes part in the biosynthesis of antimicrobial peptides. LANCL1 functions as a peptide-modifying enzyme component in eukaryotic cells. LANCL1 participates in EPS8 signaling and binds glutathione.

TREM1 is a transmembrane receptor protein that is involved in monocytic activation and in the inflammatory response. TREM1 is expressed on the surface of neutrophils, mature monocytes and macrophages. TREM1 stimulates neutrophil and monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses. TREM1 also triggers the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, as well as increased surface expression of cell activation markers. Furthermore, TREM1 is an amplifier of inflammatory responses that are triggered by bacterial and fungal infections and is a fundamental mediator of septic shock. The expression of the soluble form of TREM1 increases during sepsis and can consequently be used as a biological marker for septic shock. TREM1 is strongly expressed in acute inflammatory lesions caused by bacteria and fungi. Increased TREM1 expression on monocytes is related to both infectious and noninfectious inflammatory processes.
TREM1 is vastly expressed in adult liver, lung and spleen than in corresponding fetal tissue. TREM1 is also expressed in the lymph node, placenta, spinal cord and heart tissues. TREM1 expression is more elevated in peripheral blood leukocytes than in the bone marrow and in normal cells than malignant cells. TREM1 is expressed at low levels in the early development of the hematopoietic system and in the promonocytic stage and at high levels in mature monocytes.

TNFSF15 is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is abundantly expressed in endothelial cells, but is not expressed in either B or T cells. The expression of TNFSF15 is inducible by TNF and IL-1 alpha. This cytokine is a ligand for receptor TNFRSF25 and decoy receptor TNFRSF21/DR6. It can activate NF-kappaB and MAP kinases, and acts as an autocrine factor to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. TNFSF15 is also found to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, and thus may function as an angiogenesis inhibitor. An additional isoform encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript variant has been reported but the sequence of this transcript has not been determined.