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PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

HPCAL1, participates in neuron-specific calcium-binding proteins family found in the retina and brain. HPCAL1 is extremely comparable to human hippocalcin protein and almost equal to the rat and mouse hippocalcin like-1 proteins. HPCAL1 takes part in the calcium-dependent regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation and can have importance in neuronal signalling in the central nervous system.

Transcription elongation factor A protein-like 8 (TCEAL8) is a member of the TFS-II family and TFA subfamily. TCEAL8 is involved in transcriptional regulation and localized in nucleus. TFS-II family members contain TFA domains and act as nuclear phosphoproteins which control transcription in a promoter context-dependent mode. Numerous family members are found on the X chromosome.

Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced mainly by the liver and the kidney that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow. It stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that fragment into large numbers of platelets.

CETN1 is an EF-hand type Ca2+-binding protein. CETN1 is localized to the centrosome of interphase cells, and reorganizes the region of the spindle poles during mitosis, reflecting the dynamic behavior of the centrosome during the cell cycle. CETN1 has a vital part in the determination of centrosome position and isolation, and in the course of microtubule separating.

Ectodysplasin A Receptor, also known as EDAR belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. EDAR is a receptor for the soluble ligand ectodysplasin A, and is capable of activating the nuclear factor-kappaB, JNK, as well as caspase-independent cell death pathways. EDAR is necessary for the development of hair, teeth, and other ectodermal derivatives. Furthermore, mutations in EDAR resulted in autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

EFNA3 belongs to the ephrin (EPH) family. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors include thelargest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases which have been implicated in mediating developmental events, especially in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. Ephrins are divided into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, based on their structures and sequence relationships. The Ephrins from the EFNA class are anchored to the membrane by aglycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, while the others from the EFNB class are transmembrane proteins.

Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole Carboxylase (PAICS) is an enzyme involved in nucleotide biosynthesis and particularly in purine biosynthesis. PAICS is a bifunctional enzyme containing phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity at its N-terminal region and phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase at its C-terminal region. PAICS catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole(AIR) into 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole (CAIR) as described in the reaction. PAICS catalyzes steps six and seven of purine biosynthesis.

Adiponectin (247amino acids) is adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa and exclusively expressed in differentiated adipocytes. APM-1 (Acrp30 Mouse) is a member of the complement factor C1q family and consists of signal sequence, Non-homologous sequence, collagen domain and domain (gAcrp30).
Adiponectin expression is reduced in a variety of obese and insulin-resistant states in human, monkeys and mice. Injection of Acrp30 Mouse (247aa) or gAcrp30 (globular domain) lowers serum glucose and free fatty acid level in mice.

Treponema pallidum is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium and is considered to be metabolically crippled. There are at least four known subspecies: T. pallidum pallidum, T. pallidum pertenue, T. pallidum carateum and T. pallidum endemicum. The helical structure of T. pallidum pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through viscous mediums such as mucus. Treponema pallidum sub sp. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs (Mb) and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue.

Thrombin enzyme (Activated Factor IIa) is an important clotting promoter that controls the transformation of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble active fibrin strands. Thrombin is a coagulation protein and a serine protease (EC 3.4.21.5) that catalyzes many coagulation-related reactions. Thrombin triggers factor-XI, factor-V, Factor-XIII and factor-VIII. Thrombin endorses platelet activation, using activation of protease-activated receptors on the platelet. As a result of its high proteolytic specificity, thrombin has become an important biochemical protein. The thrombin cleavage site (Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Gly-Ser) is widely used in linker regions of recombinant fusion protein constructs. After the purification of the fusion protein, thrombin is used to cleave between the Arginine and Glycine residues of the cleavage site, efficiently removing the purification tag from the protein of interest with a high degree of specificity.

HIV-1 Nef is a 27kDa protein highly produced after a very short time after virus infection. HIV-1 Nef is an essential factor for efficient viral replication and phatogenesis.
HIV-1 Nef facilitates virus replication and improves virions infectivity. HIV-1 Nef exerts pleiotropic effect. HIV-1 Nef down-modulates surface MHC-I molecules, decreases cell surface CD4 antigen by interacting with the Src family kinase LCK thereby inducing LCK-CD4 dissociation and by increasing clathrindependent endocytosis of this antigen to target it to lysosomial degradation. HIV-1 Nef guards the infected cell from apoptosis in order to keep it alive until the next virus generation is ready to strike. HIV-1 Nef protein bypasses host Tcell signaling by inducing a transcriptional program nearly identical to that of anti-CD3 cell activation.

Chlamydia is a common term for infection with any bacterium belonging to the phylum Chlamydiae. This term derives from the name of the bacterial genus Chlamydiain the family Chlamydiaceae, order Chlamydiales, class and phylum Chlamydiae. There are two genera in Chlamydiaceae: Chlamydia and Chlamydophila. The genus Chlamydia includes three species: C. trachomatis, C. muridarum, and C. suis.

The SARS Nucleocaspid is a protein that has a crucial structural importance, by making the virions associates with the RNA genome and therefore create a nucleocapsid that has the specific helical form. There has been found 3 different domain structures to the nucleocapsid antigen. This protein contains 3 outer structural proteins, the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has a new causative agent identified as Coronavirus. SARS Associated Coronavirus Spike is one of the main surface antigens of Coronavirus, making it one of the main candidates for vaccines. Diseases caused by Coronaviruses are usually controlled by CD8 T cells.

Hepatitis B is one of a few known non-retroviralviruses which employ reverse transcriptionas a part of its replication process. (HIV, a completely unrelated virus, also uses reverse transcription, but it is a retrovirus.) HBV invades the cell by binding to surface receptor and become internalized. The viral core particles then migrate to the hepatocyte nucleus and the partially double-stranded, relaxed circular genomes (RC-DNA) are repaired to form a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which is the template for viral genomic and sub-genomic RNAs by cellular RNA polymerase II. Of these, the pregenomic RNA(pgRNA is selectively packaged into progeny capsids and is then reverse-transcribed into new RC-DNA. The core can either bud into the endoplasmic reticulum to be enveloped or exported from the cell or recycled back into the genome for conversion to cccDNA.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 R2 (UBE2R2) is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous and pleiotropic Ser/Thr protein kinase implicated in cell growth andtransformation. This protein is a protein similar to the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBC3/CDC34. Studies propose that CK2-dependent phosphorylation of this ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme functions by regulating beta-TrCP substrate recognition and induces its interaction with beta-TrCP, enhancing beta-catenin degradation. UBE2R2 receives ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. In vitro catalyzes monoubiquitination and 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination. UBE2R2 may be implicated in degradation of katenin. Among the diseases associated with UBE2R2 are cblc, and herpes simplex.

Von Willebrand Factor A Domain Containing 2 (VWA2) is an extracellular matrix protein containing vWA-like domains. VWA2 contains a signal peptide sequence, an N-terminal VWA domain connected to 2 additional tandem vWA domains by a cysteine-rich sequence and an EGF-like domain. Also, another EGF-like domain is located at the C-terminus. Expression of VWA2 is induced in stage II, III and IV colon cancers and colon adenomas and is considered a novel serum marker for the diagnosis of early-stage colon cancer.

Treponema pallidum is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium and is considered to be metabolically crippled. There are at least four known subspecies: T. pallidum pallidum, T. pallidum pertenue, T. pallidum carateum and T. pallidum endemicum. The helical structure of T. pallidum pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through viscous mediums such as mucus. Treponema pallidum sub sp. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs (Mb) and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue.

FeLV is an RNA virus, a member of the Retroviridae family and Oncovirinae subfamily. FeLV retrovirus infects cats and is transferred from infected cats by saliva or nasal secretions. FeLV causes immunosuppression in domestic cats and larger wild cat populations such as cheetahs and lions and is the cause for a form of cancer of the blood cells called lymphocytes (a leukemia) which can be lethal.

The HDV genome exists as a negative sense, single-stranded, closed circular RNA. Because of a nucleotide sequence that is 70% self-complementary, the HDV genome forms a partially double stranded RNA structure that is described as rod-like. With a genome of approximately 1700 nucleotides, It has been proposed that HDV may have originated from a class of plant viruses called viroids. Evidence in support of this hypothesis stems from the fact that both HDV and viroids exist as single-stranded, closed circular RNAs that have rod-like structures. Likewise, both HDV and viroids contain RNA sequences that can assume catalytically active structures called ribozymes.