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Protein A is a cell wall component produced by several strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The recombinant Protein A is genetically engineered protein and holds 5 IgG-binding regions of protein A. Recombinant Protein A functions basically the same as native Protein A and is perfect for purification of polyclonal or monoclonal IgG antibodies. Protein A binds to human IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4, mouse IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 and rat IgG2c. Protein A also binds to total IgG from rabbit, pig, dog, cat, and guinea pig.

GH is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

PSG5 belongs to the PSG family, which are a highly connected group of secreted glycoproteins, vastly expressed in fetal placental syncytiotrophoblast cells. PSGs are can be found in serum from the first 2-3 weeks of pregnancy and at higher levels as the pregnancy progresses, up to e point where they are the highest fetal protein found in maternal blood at term. PSG5’s role is inducing secretion of TH2-type cytokines from monocytes and modulating the maternal immune system throughout the pregnancy, thus defending the semi-allotypic fetus from rejection.

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. Hexokinase 2 is the predominant form found in skeletal muscle. It localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is insulin-responsive, and studies in rat suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis seen in rapidly growing cancer cells.

GLO1 is involved in the catalysis and formation of S-lactoyl-glutathione from methylglyoxal condensation and reduced glutatione. GLO1 is linked to HLA and is localized to 6p21.3-p21.1, between HLA and the centromere. GLO1 enzyme is ubundantly expressed and present in numerous tumor cell lines, in which its concentration is often upregulated ubiquitisly. GLO1 is a major susceptible gene for autism in an ethnic Chinese population from Taiwan. GLO1 might be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. GLO1 plays a role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Overexpression of GLO1 is associated with kidney tumor.

S100A10 is a member of the S100 family of proteins contains two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs and is thought to be involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes including cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. S100A10 may function in exocytosis and endocytosis.

S100A11 is a member of the S100 family of proteins which contains two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs and is thought to be involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes including cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A11 may function in motility, invasion and tubulin polymerisation. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of S100A11 have been implicated in tumor metastasis.

Fetuin is a liver-produced negative acute phase protein composed of two subunits, the A and B chains.
Fetuin homologs have been identified in several species including rat, sheep, pig, rabbit, guinea pig, cattle, mouse and human. Multiple physiological roles for these homologs have been suggested, including ability to bind to hydroxyapatite crystals and to specifically inhibit the tyrosine kinase (TK) activity of the receptor (IR).
Fetuin-A (alpha2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein; AHSG) is an important circulating inhibitor of calcification in vivo, and is downregulated during the acute-phase response.
Sera from patients on long-term dialysis with low AHSG concentrations showed impaired ex-vivo capacity to inhibit CaxPO4 precipitation.
Fetuin may influence the resolution of inflammation by modulating the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages.
ASHG blocks TGF-beta-dependent signaling in osteoblastic cells, and mice lacking ASHG display growth plate defects, increased bone formation with age, and enhanced cytokine-dependent osteogenesis.

DBH catalyzes the chemical reaction. DBH is an oxidoreductase which belongs to the copper type II, ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family, in particular those performing on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated can not be derived from O2 with reduced ascorbate as one donor, as well as incorporation of one ato of oxygen into the other donor.

Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 (AKR1D1) belongs to the AKR superfamily. The AKR family proteins are soluble NADPH oxidoreductases, which have vital roles in the metabolism of drugs, carcinogens and reactive aldehydes. AKR1D1 is also responsible for the catalysis of the 5-beta-reduction of bile acid intermediates and steroid hormones that carry a delta (4)-3-1 structure. AKR1D1 is highly expressed in the liver, colon and testis. Deficiency of the AKR1D1 enzyme may contribute to hepatic dysfunction.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone also known as AMH is a member of the TGF-beta family. AMH is a glycoprotein which is produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis, causes regression of the Muellerian duct. AMH inhibits the growth of tumors derived from tissues of Muellerian duct origin. Moreover, AMH participates in Leydig cell differentiation and function in addition to follicular development in adult females.

GDF8 is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site which is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. The members of this family are regulators of cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. This gene is thought to encode a secreted protein which negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth.

Sialic Acid Binding Ig Like Lectin 9 (SIGLEC9) is a member of the sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin family, which is a part of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed mostly on human blood leukocytes. SIGLEC9 is a Putative adhesion molecule which is expressed in bone marrow, placenta, spleen, and fetal liver. SIGLEC9 is also a part of the recently characterized CD33-related Siglec family of sialic acid binding protein.

BAG3 Inhibits the chaperone activity of HSP70/HSC70 by promoting substrate release. BAG3 has anti-apoptotic activity. BAG proteins participate with Hip for their binding to Hsc70/Hsp70 ATPase domain and encourage substrate release. BAG proteins have about 45 amino acid BAG domain close to the C terminus however they differ noticeably in their N-terminal regions. BAG3 includes a WW domain in the N-terminal region and a BAG domain in the C-terminal region. The BAG domains of BAG1, BAG2, and BAG3 interact particularly with the Hsc70 ATPase domain in vitro and in mammalian cells. They bind with high affinity to the ATPase domain of Hsc70 and inhibit its chaperone activity in a Hip-repressible manner. BAG3 plays a role as a protein-refolding cochaperone of the bcl2 binding protein BAG family and as upregulated in response to persistent stress of cellular calcium balance dysregulation. BAG3 has been shown to diminish stress-induced apoptosis.

Breast Cancer Anti-Estrogen Resistance 1 (BCAR1) is a Src family kinase substrate which takes part in a range of cellular events such as migration, survival, transformation, and invasion. BCAR1 plays a vital role for tyrosine kinase-based signaling related to cell adhesion.

Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMG) is a cell membrane protein which contains 8 leucine-rich repeats. The OMG protein is expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes and on large projection neurons, including Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, motoneurons of the brainstem and anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The neurite outgrowth inhibitory activities of all three myelin-derived proteins are mediated by binding to a joint receptor complex consisting of the Nogo receptor and the p75 neurotrophin receptor.

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor is a growth factor and/or cytokine produced by the endothelium, macrophages and a number of other immune cells. GCSF stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and also to stimulate the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of neutrophil granulocyte progenator cells and mature neutrophils.

GHBP is a transmembrane receptor for growth hormone. Binding of growth hormone to the receptor leads to receptor dimerization and the activation of an intra- and intercellular signal transduction pathway leading to growth. A common alternate allele of this gene, called GHRd3, lacks exon three and has been well-characterized. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Laron syndrome, also known as the growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS), a disorder characterized by short stature. Other splice variants, including one encoding a soluble form of the protein (GHRtr), have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized.

GPT catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT has a crucial part in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. GPT is broadly used as an indicator of liver reliability or hepatocellular destruction in clinical tests.

Lumican also known as LUM belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family which comprises decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, keratocan, epiphycan, and osteoglycin. Furthermore we can see that in these bifunctional molecules, the protein moiety binds collagen fibrils and the highly charged hydrophilic glycosaminoglycans regulate interfibrillar spacings. Lumican is the main keratan sulfate proteoglycan of the cornea however LUM is also distributed in interstitial collagenous matrices throughout the body. Lumican regulates collagen fibril organization and circumferential growth, corneal transparency, epithelial cell migration and tissue repair. Among the diseases associated with LUM is posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy.

GSK3B is a serine-threonine kinase that belongs to the glycogen synthase kinase subfamily. GSK3B is involved in energy metabolism, neuronal cell development, and body pattern formation. Polymorphisms in the GSK3B gene have been implicated in modifying risk of Parkinson disease, and studies in mice show that overexpression of the GSK3B gene may be significant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

YEATS Domain Containing 4 (YEATS4) has a high sequence homology to the human MLLT1, and yeast and human MLLT3 proteins. MLLT1 and MLLT3 proteins, both belong to a group of transcription factors, which indicates that YEATS might also represent a transcription factor. YEATS is believed to be necessary for RNA transcription. The YEATS gene has been shown to be amplified in tumors.

Resistin, a product of the RSTN gene, is a peptide hormone belonging to the class of cysteine-rich secreted proteins which is termed the RELM family, and is also described as ADSF (Adipose Tissue- Specific Secretory Factor) and FIZZ3 (Found in Inflammatory Zone). Human resistin contains 108 amino acids as a prepeptide, and its hydrofobic signal peptide is cleaved before its secretion. Resistin circulates in human blood as a dimeric protein consisting of two 92 amino acid polypeptides, which are disulfide-linked via Cys26.
Mouse resistin, specifically produced and secreted by adipocyte, acts on skeletal muscle myocytes, hepatocytes and adipocytes themselves so that it reduces their sensitivity. Steppan et al. have suggested that resistin suppresses the ability to stimulate glucose uptake. They have also suggested that resistin is present at elevated levels in blood of obese mice, and is down regulated by fasting and antidiabetic drugs. Way et al., on the other hand, have found that resistin expression is severly suppressed in obesity and is stimulated by several antidiabetic drugs.
Other studies have shown that mouse resistin increases during the differentiation of adipocytes, but it also seems to inhibit adipogenesis. In contrast, the human adipogenic differentiation is likely to be associated with a down regulation of resistin gene expression.

Resistin, also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) is a cysteine-rich peptide derived from adipose tissue. Resistin takes part in the inflammatory response, glucose metabolism, and angiogenesis.Resistin blocks insulinstimulated uptake of glucose by adipocytes and promote glucose release by hepatocytes. As such,Resistin considered to participate in diet‑induced insulin-sensitivity. Resistin causes high levels of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), increasing the risk of heart disease.