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The Argonaute protein is part of the RISC or RNA-induced silencing complex, as so, the protein has a key part in the slicing processes of RNA. The RNA interference (RNAi) is being held by RISC. Small non-coding RNA fragments bond to the Argonaute proteins, through base pairing, eventually leads to the cleavage of messenger RNA or translation suppression.

Heparanase is an endo β-D-glucuronidase, which degrades heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the extracellular matrix. Heparanase plays an important role in ECM degradation, facilitating the migration and extravasation of tumor cells and inflammatory leukocytes (1,2,3). Upon degradation, heparanase releases growth factors and cytokines that stimulate cell proliferation and chemotaxis (4,5). Heparanase is a heterodimer comprised of a 50 kDa subunit harboring the active site and a 8 kDa subunit. It is produced as a latent 65 kDa precursor and proteolytically processed to its active form (1,6). Heparanase is highly expressed in myeloid leukocytes (i.e. neutrophils) in platelets and in human placenta. Human heparanase was found to be upregulated in various types of primary tumors, correlating in some cases with increased tumor invasiveness and vascularity and with poor prospective survival (7,8).

Leptin is a protein hormone. It is mainly produced in adipose cells that regulate energy homeostasis by restraining hunger. Leptin ties to nuclear receptors in the hypothalamus (arcuate nucleus). Similar to insulin resistance in type II diabetes, in obesity there is a decrease in the sensitivity towards leptin, ending in a failure to identify satiety, even in high levels of energy stores or leptin itself. Full-length cDNA encoding 2 leptin sequences (tLepA and tLepB) and 1 leptin receptor sequence (tLepR) exists in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The full-length cDNA of tLepR is 3423 bp, encoding a protein of 1140 amino acid which contained all functionally important domains conserved among vertebrate leptin receptors. The cDNAs of tLepA and tLepB are 486 bp and 459 bp in length, encoding proteins of 161 aa and 152 aa, respectively. The three-dimensional structures of tLepA and tLepB demonstrates strong conservation of tertiary structure with that of human leptin comprised of 4 helixes.

GOT1 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which exists in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2, which participate in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Both enzymes are homodimeric and show close homology.

Retinoblastoma (RB) is an embryonic malignant neoplasm of retinal origin. It almost always presents in early childhood and is often bilateral. Spontaneous regression ('cure') occurs in some cases. Retinoblastoma acts as a regulator of other genes and forms a complex with adenovirus e1a and with sv40 large t antigen. Retinoblastoma acts as a tumor suppressor and modulats functionally certain cellular proteins with which t and e1a compete for pocket binding. Retinoblastoma is potent inhibitor of e2f-mediated trans-activation, recruits and targets histone methyltransferase suv39h1 leading to epigenetic transcriptional repression, inhibits the intrinsic kinase activity of taf1.

Cystatin 5 (CST5) is a novel member of the cystatin superfamily, which encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or possibly never had this inhibitory activity. The superfamily is comprised of 3 inhibitory families: the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. Type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in various human fluids and secretions.

Cystatin 7 (CST7) is a glycosylated cysteine protease inhibitor with a putative role in immune regulation through inhibition of a unique target in the hematopoietic system. Cystatin-7 is comprised of multiple cystatin-like sequences. The superfamily is comprised of 3 inhibitory families: the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. Some members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or possibly never had this inhibitory activity. Type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in various human fluids and secretions. CST7 protein expression has been observed in numerous human cancer cell lines established from malignant tumors.

SCGN is a secreted calcium-binding protein which is found in the cytoplasm. It is related to calbindin D-28K and calretinin. Secretagogin is involved in KCL-stimulated calcium flux and cell proliferation.
Secretagogin plays a role in human non-functional pituitary adenomas.

High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y (HMGA1) belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein (HMG) family. HMGA1 is composed of a highly conserved AT-hook DNA-binding domain which mediates binding to AT-rich sequences in the minor groove of chromosomal DNA. HMGA1 functions as an architectural chromatin-binding transcription factor modifying the conformation of DNA by modulating nuclear protein-DNA complexes. Furthermore, HMGA1 is involved in numerous cellular processes including growth regulation, viral induction of beta-IFN gene and regulation of inducible gene transcription.

KH homology domain containing 1-like, also known as KHDC1L is a member of the KHDC1 family.KHDC1L is a protein-coding gene; an important paralog of this gene is KHDC1.

TNNI2 is a fast-twitch skeletal muscle protein, belongs to the troponin I gene family, and is part of the troponin complex including troponin T, troponin C and troponin I subunits. The troponin complex, together with tropomyosin, is responsible for the calcium-dependent regulation of striated muscle contraction. TNNI2 is also present in vascular smooth muscle and may play a role in regulation of smooth muscle function. Other than muscle tissues, TNNI2 is found in corneal epithelium, cartilage where it is an inhibitor of angiogenesis to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, and mammary gland where it functions as a coactivator of estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha. Furthermore, TNNI2 suppresses tumor growth in human ovarian carcinoma. Mutations in the TNNI2 gene cause myopathy and distal arthrogryposis type 2B.

Procalcitonin is a peptide hormone mainly produced by the C cells of the thyroid and certain endocrine cells of the lung. Under normal expression conditions, procalcitonin is immediately cleaved into three specific fragments, an N terminal residue, calcitonin and katacalcin. Levels of unprocessed procalcitonin rise significantly after bacterial infection, trauma or shock.

GDF-11 belongs to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. GDF-11 is a central developmental factor which controls muscular and neural development. In adults, GDF-11 encourages cardiac hypertrophy reverse by the revival of cardiomyocytes.

Ornithine aminotransferase is a key enzyme in the pathway that converts arginine and ornithine into the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) is a 49kDa nucleus-encoded protein imported into mitochondria to give the mature 48kDa OAT polypeptide. It is found in humans, animals, insects, plants and microorganisms. The OAT has a sex-differential expression in the mouse kidney. OAT plays central physiological roles in amino acid metabolism. OAT shows a large structural and mechanistic similarity to other enzymes from the subgroup III of aminotransferases that transfer an amino group from a carbon atom which doesn’t carry a carboxyl function. OAT is vital for nitrogen recycling from arginine but not for the stress-induced proline accumulation. OAT enzyme deficiency causes the autosomal recessive eye disease Gyrate Atrophy.

Cytohesin 1 also known as CYTH1 belongs to the PSCD family. CYTH1 is responsible for promoting guanine-nucleotide exchange on ARF1 and ARF5 and also promotes the activation of ARF factors by the replacement of GDP with GTP.

Angiogenin (ANG) is a part of the RNase A family. ANG is an extremely effective mediator of new blood vessel formation. ANG Cleaves tRNA within anticodon loops in order to produce tRNA-derived stress-induced fragments (tiRNAs) that inhibit protein synthesis and trigger the assembly of stress granules. ANG is also stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis. The interaction with RNH1 in vivo regulates the Angiogenic activity.

Sarcoglycan Beta, also known as SGCB, is a part of the sarcoglycan family. SGCB belongs to the sarcoglycan complex which is a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that connects between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix.

DnaK, originally identified for its DNA replication by bacteriophage l in E. coli is the bacterial HSP-70 chaperone. This protein is involved in the folding and assembly of newly synthesized polypeptide chains and in preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins.
DnaK(amino acids1-384) is N-terminal ATPase domain and ATP bound to the ATPase domain induces a conformational change in the substrate binding domain (residues 385-638). The protein coding region of the ATPase domain of DNAK (amino acids 1-384) was amplified by PCR and cloned into an E. coli expression vector. The ATPase domain of DNAK was purified to apparent homogeneity by using conventional column chromatography techniques.

Cytokeratin 16, also known as KRT16, is a member of the keratin gene family. KRT16 which acts as a regulator of innate immunity in response to skin barrier breach is required for some inflammatory checkpoint for the skin barrier maintenance. KRT16 is coexpressed with keratin 14 in a few epithelial tissues as esophagus, tongue, and hair follicles.

Tropic 1808 is a candidate chemotropic factor induced by nerve injury. Tpc1808 protein, similar to NGF, could promote the expression of NF-H in a time-dependent manner. Tpc1808 is the gene related to promotion of nerve growth, and both the Tpc1808 gene and the Tpc1808 recombinant protein up-regulate the expression of NF-H in PC12 cells.

Leukocyte Cell Derived Chemotaxin 1 (214-333 a.a.), also known as LECT1, is a glycosylated transmembrane protein which is cleaved to form a mature, secreted protein. The mature protein encourages chondrocyte growth and inhibits angiogenesis. The mature protein takes part in endochondral bone development by permitting cartilaginous anlagen to be vascularized and replaced by bone. LECT1 is expressed in the avascular area of prehypertrophic cartilage and its expression reduces during vascular invasion and chondrocyte hypertrophy.

Drosophila that have mutations in their MAGOH gene produce progeny with defects in germplasm assembly and germline development. MAGOH, the human homolog of Drosophila mago nashi, is necessary for embryo development. In mammals, mRNA expression is not limited to the germ plasm, but is expressed ubiquitously in adult tissues and is induced by serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblast.

XRCC2 belongs to the RecA/Rad51-related protein family which takes part in homologous recombination to repair DNA damage and preserve chromosome stability. XRCC2 gene participates in the mending of DNA double-strand disruptions by homologous recombination. Additionally, XRCC2 functionally complements Chinese hamster irs1, a repair-deficient mutant which displays hypersensitivity to diverse DNA-damaging agents.