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PSMB4 is a member of the peptidase T1B family. The 20S Proteasome chamber holds structural alpha subunits and predominantly catalytic beta subunits. The two external rings in the proteasome contain seven alpha subunits each and the two internal rings contain of seven beta subunits each. PSMB4 is a beta subunit of the 20S Proteasome that is spread all over the eukaryotic cells in large quantities and cleaves peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway.

TRAIL Receptor-4 Human Recombinant or TNFRSF10D, is part of the TNF-receptor superfamily. TNFRSF10D has atruncated cytoplasmic death domai , an extracellular TRAIL-binding domain and a transmembrane domain. The protein can prevent from TRAIL-mediated apoptosis on cells with TRAIL R1 and/or TRAIL R2.

TNFSF15 is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is abundantly expressed in endothelial cells, but is not expressed in either B or T cells. The expression of TNFSF15 is inducible by TNF and IL-1 alpha. This cytokine is a ligand for receptor TNFRSF25 and decoy receptor TNFRSF21/DR6. It can activate NF-kappaB and MAP kinases, and acts as an autocrine factor to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. TNFSF15 is also found to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, and thus may function as an angiogenesis inhibitor. An additional isoform encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript variant has been reported but the sequence of this transcript has not been determined.

COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic 6 (COPS6) is a member of the translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) superfamily,peptidase M67A family and CSN6 subfamily. COPS6 is one of 8 subunits of COP9 signalosome,a highly conserved protein complex which functions as an significant regulator in multiple signaling pathways. COP9's structure and function of signalosome is similar to 19S regulatory particle of 26S proteasome. COP9 signalosome can interact with SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases and act as a positive regulator of E3 ubiquitin ligases.COP9 takes part in the regulation of cell cycle and likely to be a cellular cofactor for HIV-1 accessory gene product Vpr.

DBI, also known as Acyl-CoA-binding protein isoform 2, is a binding inhibitor, which is regulated by hormones. DBI participates in lipid metabolism and in the displacement of beta-carbolines & benzodiazepines, which modulate signal transduction at type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors located in brain synapses. Moreover, during adipocyte differentiation the expression of DBI is significantly induced. DBI preforms as an acyl-CoA pool former and regulates LCFA (long-chain fatty acids) metabolism in peripheral tissues.

Acyl CoA dehydrogenase is the enzymeused to catalyzethe first step of ?-oxidationin Fatty acid metabolism.
Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenases (ACADs) are a family of mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze the first dehydrogenation step in the bets-oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA derivatives. Several human ACADs exist and all ACADs catalyze the same initial dehydrogenation of the substrate at the beta-carbon atom and require electron transfer flavoprotein as an alectron acceptor. The predicted 415-amino acid ACAD8 protein contains many of the residues conserved in most other ACADs, including an active site glutamic acid residue and residues important for tetramer formation.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 or TNFRSF21, is a protein that located in the cell membrane from the TNF receptor superfamily. By activating the NF-kappaB pathway, TNFRSF21 promotes cell apoptosis. The degeneration of cells caused by activating caspase 3 and caspase 6, the TNFRSF21 binds to the N-terminal APP in neuronal cell bodies and axons which leads to apoptosis. TNFRSF21 takes part in signaling cascades activated by stimulation of T-cell receptor.

Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. In humans, there are two major forms, MIP-1a and MIP-1b that are now officially named CCL3 and CCL4 respectively. Both are major factors produced by macrophages after they are stimulated with bacterial endotoxins. They activate human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) which can lead to acute neutrophilic inflammation. They also induce the synthesis and release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and TNF-a from fibroblasts and macrophages. The genes for CCL3 and CCL4 are both located on human chromosome 17.

Proteasome subunit alpha type 4 (PSMA4) belongs to the peptidase T1A family, which is a 20S core alpha subunit. The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with an extremely ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is comprised of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. PSMA4 is dispersed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleaves peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway.

CST4 is a member of the cystatin superfamily which contains proteins that hold multiple cystatin-like sequences. Several family members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, whereas others have lost or possibly never attained this inhibitory activity. CST4 strongly inhibits papain (non-competitively) and ficin, partially inhibits stem bromelain and bovine cathepsin C, however does not inhibit porcine cathepsin B or clostripain.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor contributes to the clonal expansion, survival, and development of T cells. It can also induce proliferation in peripheral monocytes, enhance T cell apoptosis induced by TCR/CD3 triggered activation, and regulate CD28 co-stimulation to promote Th1 cell responses. The expression of this receptor is induced by lymphocyte activation. TRAF adaptor proteins have been shown to bind to this receptor and transduce the signals leading to activation of NF-kappaB.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

GREM1 belongs to the BMP (bone morphogenic protein) antagonist family. Like BMPs, BMP antagonists comprise cystine knots and usually form homo- and heterodimers. The CAN (cerberus and dan) subfamily of BMP antagonists, to which GREM1 belongs, is characterized by a C-terminal cystine knot with an eight-membered ring. The antagonistic effect of the secreted glycosylated protein is because of its direct binding to BMP proteins. As an antagonist of BMP, GREM1 takes a place in regulating organogenesis, body patterning, and tissue differentiation. In mouse, GREM1 has been shown to convey the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signal from the polarizing region to the apical ectodermal ridge during limb bud outgrowth. Alternatively merged transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Nucleic acid binding protein 1 is a part of the SOSS complex, amultiprotein complex which functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and G2/M checkpoint.In the SOSS complex, NABP1 acts as a sensor of single-stranded DNA which binds to single-stranded DNA, inparticular to polypyrimidines. The SOSS complex links with DNA lesions and affects diverse endpoints in the cellular DNA damage response including cell-cycle checkpoint activation, recombinational repair andmaintenance of genomic stability. NABP1 is essential for efficient homologous recombination-dependent repairof double-strand breaks (DSBs) and ATM-dependent signaling pathways.

Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 or AKR1C1 is an enzyme, part of the aldo/keto reductase family that holds over 40 familiar proteins. AKR1C1 promotes the conversion of ketones & aldehydes to their alcohol forms by using cofactors such as NADH & NADPH. AKR1C1 promotes the progesterone reduction to its inactive molecule form 20-alpha-hydroxy-progesterone.

Proteasome Subunit Beta Type 8 (PSMB8) is a member of the peptidase T1B family. The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with well-organized ring-shaped 20S core structure. Proteasomes are spread through eukaryotic cells at a high concentration. PSMB8 is mainly expressed in immature dendritic cells. vital function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides.PSMB8 is positioned in the class II region of the MHC (main histocompatibility complex). PSMB8 plays as a significant factor of INFG-induced sensitivity and in apoptosis by degradation of the apoptotic inhibitor MCL1.

The Argonaute protein is part of the RISC or RNA-induced silencing complex, as so, the protein has a key part in the slicing processes of RNA. The RNA interference (RNAi) is being held by RISC. Small non-coding RNA fragments bond to the Argonaute proteins, through base pairing, eventually leads to the cleavage of messenger RNA or translation suppression.

Sulfotransferase 1C4 (SULT1C4) is a member of the SULT subfamily. SULT1C4 is responsible for transferring a sulfo moiety from PAPS to phenol-containing compounds. Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. Sulfotransferase enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. SULT1C4 catalyzes the sulfonation of p-nitrophenol and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.

COP9 signalosome complex subunit 8 isoform 1 (COPS8) is one of the 8 subunits of COP9 signalosome, which is a much conserved protein complex that functions as an imperative regulator in multiple signaling pathways. The structure and function of COP9 signalosome is analogous to that of the 19S regulatory particle of 26S proteasome. COP9 signalosome interacts with SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases and acts as a positive regulator of E3 ubiquitin ligases.

USE1 Belongs to the USE1 family, this protein is a vesicle transport protein. USE1 is a component of a SNAREcomplex consisting of STX18, USE1L, BNIP1/SEC20L and SEC22B. In addition USE1 interacts directly with STX18. SNARE maybe involved in targeting and fusion of Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER. Diseases associated with USE1 comprise dysentery and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Among its related super-pathways are Nicotine Pathway (Dopaminergic Neuron) and Pharmacodynamics. GO annotations related to this gene include protein binding.

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is a member of the Thrombospondin family and is encoded by the gene THBS1 which is a subunit of a disulfide-linked homotrimeric protein. Thrombospondin-1 is an adhesive glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Thrombospondin-1 can bind to fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, type V collagen and integrins alpha-V/beta-1. TSP1 has been shown to play roles in platelet aggregation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. TSP1 has been shown to be a natural inhibitor of neovascularization and tumorigenesis in healthy tissue. TSP1 interacts with no less than 12 cell adhesion receptors, including CD36, av integrins, b1 integrins, syndecan, and integrin-associated protein (IAP or CD47). It also interacts with various proteases involved in angiogenesis, including plasminogen, matrix metalloproteinase, thrombin, cathepsin, and elastase. Positive and negative modulation of endothelial cell adhesion, motility, and growth are attributed to TSP1. Recently, thrombospondin-1 was found to bind to the reelin receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, in so doing affecting neuronal migration in the rostral migratory stream.

AKR7A3, takes part in the detoxification of aldehydes and ketones. AKR7A3 reduces the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. AKR7A3 participates in protection of liver against the toxic and carcinogenic effects of AFB1, a potent hepatocarcinogen.

Prohibitin (PHB) is an evolutionarily conserved gene that is ubiquitously expressed and which Mutations have been linked to sporadic breast cancer. PHB is thought to be a negative regulator of cell proliferation and may be a tumor suppressor. Prohibitin is expressed as two transcripts with changeable lengths of 3' untranslated region. The longer transcript is present at higher levels in proliferating tissues and cells, proposing that this longer 3' untranslated region functions as a trans-acting regulatory RNA.

Metallothionein 3 (MT3) contains 3 zinc and 3 copper atoms per polypeptide chain and a minor amount of cadmium. MT3 inhibits survival and neurite formation of cortical neurons in vitro. MT3 also binds heavy metals.