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Apoptosis-Inducing Factor, Mitochondrion-Associated, 1 (AIFM1) is a mitochondrial protein which translocates to the nucleus once apoptosis has been initiated. AIFM1 causes DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation and also triggers the release of cytochrome c and caspase-9 from mitochondria. Bcl-2 overexpression prevents the release of AIFM1 from mitochondria, but doesn’t block its apoptogenic activity.

NFATC1 is a component of the nuclear factor of activated T cells DNA-binding transcription complex. This complex consists of at least 2 components: a preexisting cytosolic component that translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, and an inducible nuclear component. Proteins belonging to this family of transcription factors play an essential role in inducible gene transcription during immune response. NFATC1 is an inducible nuclear component. NFATC1 functions as a major molecular target for the immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin A. Different isoforms of NFATC1 may regulate inducible expression of different cytokine genes.

ALDH2 is part of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins which catalyze the chemical transformation from acetaldehyde to acetic acid. ALDH2 is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. ALDH2 has 2 major liver isoforms: cytosolic and mitochondrial, which differ by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. Nearly all Caucasians have 2 major isozymes, whereas roughly 50% of Orientals have only the cytosolic isozyme, omitting the mitochondrial isozyme. The extremely higher rate of acute alcohol intoxication with Orientals compared to Caucasians is due to the fact of the absence of mitochondrial isozyme. ALDH2 has a low Km for acetaldehydes, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix.

Interleukin-1b is produced by activated macrophages, IL-1B stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing il-2 release, b-cell maturation and proliferation, and fibroblast growth factor activity. IL1B proteins are involved in the inflammatory response, being identified as endogenous pyrogens, and are reported to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, Neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-a). It is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells, and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines.

AK1 is a small ubiquitous enzyme which is essential for maintenance and cell growth. It is involved in the regulation of adenine nucleotide composition within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. The AK1 protein is found in the cytosol of skeletal muscle, brain and erythrocytes. Defects in the AK1 gene are the cause of a form of hemolytic anemia.

Adenylate kinases plays a role in regulating the adenine nucleotide composition within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate groups among adenine nucleotides. There are 3 types of adenylate kinase isozymes, AK1, AK2, and AK3 in vertebrates. Expression of these isozymes are tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. AK2 is localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and is involved in apoptosis. AK2 is mutated in individuals with reticular dysgenesis.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase isozyme 2 (FBP2) is a part of the FBPase class 1 family. FBP2 is a gluconeogenesis regulatory enzyme Which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate.

ACE-2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme 2) an enzyme bound to cell membranes in various organs such as intestines arteries , lungs, heart & kidney. ACE2 an entry receptor of SARS coronaviruses as well as SARS-CoV-2,.The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein is a class I viral fusion antigen located on the external envelope of the virion that takes part in a critical part in viral infection by identifying host cell receptors and facilitating fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. 2 main domains in coronavirus S1 have been recognized, the N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain. One or the other and/or both S1 domains function as a receptor-binding domain. SARS-CoV + MERS-CoV equally use C-domain to attach their receptors.ACE2 is a type I transmembrane antigen with an extracellular N-terminal domain having the catalytic site and an intracellular C-terminal tail. ACE2 obtains a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain, and a single metalloproteinase active site containing an HEXXH zinc-binding domain. ACE-2 plays a role as a mono-carboxypeptidase which degrades Ang I to produce the nonapeptide Ang 1–9 and Ang II to create the heptapeptide Ang 1–7.

Lymphocyte Antigen 9, also known as LY9 is a member of the SLAM family of immunomodulatory receptors, LY9 interacts with the adaptor molecule SAP . LY9 plays a part in adhesion reactions between T lymphocytes and accessory cells via homophilic interaction. LY9 promotes T-cell differentiation into a helper T-cell Th17 phenotype which leads to increased IL-17 secretion; the costimulatory activity requires SH2D1A. Furthermore it also promotes recruitment of RORC to the IL-17 promoter. LY9 is implicated in the maintenance of peripheral cell tolerance through serving as a negative regulator of the immune response. LY9 disables autoantibody responses as well as inhibits IFN-gamma secretion by CD4(+) T-cells. Moreover, LY9 negatively regulate the size of thymic innate CD8(+) T-cells and the development of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is one of the diseases which are associated with LY9.

Clusterin also named Apolipoprotein J (APO-J) is a 75-80 kD disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein containing about 30% of N-linked carbohydrate rich in sialic acid but truncated forms targeted to the nucleus have also been identified. The precursor polypeptide chain is cleaved proteolytically to remove the 22-mer secretory signal peptide and subsequently between residues 227/228 to generate the ? and ? chains. These are assembled in anti-parallel to give a heterodimeric molecule in which the cysteine-rich centers are linked by five disulfide bridges and are flanked by two predicted coiled-coil ? -helices and three predicted amphipathic a-helices. Across a broad range of species clusterin shows a high degree of sequence homology ranging from 70% to 80%. It is nearly ubiquitously expressed in most mammalian tissues and can be found in plasma, milk, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and semen. It is able to bind and form complexes with numerous partners such as immunoglobulins, lipids, heparin, b

PKLR is a pyruvate kinase which catalyzes the transphosphorylation of phohsphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate and ATP. That is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis. PKLR gene encodes the L- and R-type isoenzymes through alternate splicing events controlled by different promoters. L-type isoform can also appear as a tetramer and is upregulated by glucose with implications in maturity-onset diabetes of the young.

SSU72 is an extremely conserved homologue of yeast Ssu72, a CTD phosphatase and a component of the polyadenylation/termination machinery. SSU72 interacts with TFIIB, Rb and DNAM-1 and operates to catalyze the dephosphorylation of target proteins, and taking part in RNA processing and termination via dephosphorylation of Pol II. SSU72 is found in multiple alternatively spliced isoforms.

GOT2 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which is found in cytoplasmic and inner-membrane mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2. GOT2 takes part in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Both enzymes are homodimeric and demonstrate close homology.

Thioredoxin-2 is a low molecular weight redox protein. TRX2 contains a redox active disulfide/dithiol group within the conserved Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys active site. The TXN2 is involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and in protection against oxidant-induced apoptosis. Upon stimulation of Fas, TXN2 mediates denitrosylation of mitochondria-associated caspase-3, a process required for caspase-3 activation, and promoted apoptosis.
TRX2 is important at low oxidative stress conditions.
MTRX is involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death. Mitochondrial thioredoxin plays an important roles in protection against oxidant-induced apoptosis. Thioredoxin1 and thioredoxin2 have opposed regulatory functions on hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha.

MHC Class I is a membrane spanning molecule consisting of 2 proteins. MHC Class I is just about 350 amino acids in length, with roughly 75 amino acids at the carboxylic end comprising the transmembrane and cytoplasmic portions. The remaining 270 amino acids, are divided into three globular domains labeled Alpha-1, Alpha-2 and Alpha-3 prime, with Alpha-1 being closest to the amino terminus and Alpha-3 closest to the membrane. The second portion of the molecule is a small globular protein called Beta-2 Microglobulin. It links primarily with the Alpha-3 prime domain and is essential for MHC stability.
The MHC ability to show a vast range of antigenic peptides for T cell recognition needs a compromise between broad specificity and high affinity. Both MHC class I and MHC class II show an exceptional structure while the peptide main chain is tightly bound and peptide side chains show less restrictive interactions. It is primarily the peptide side-chain contacts and conformational variability that ensures that the peptide-MHC complex presents an antigenically unique surface to T cell receptors.

Recombinant Human Sonic Hedgehog is part of a small group of secreted proteins that are vital for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. 3 mammalian hedgehog genes (sonic, desert, Indian) share about 60% homology. The Human Sonic Hedgehog is 99% homologous to the mouse gene. Sonic HedgeHog is a protein that is vital in guding the early embryo. It has been associated as the major inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Sonic HedgeHog binds to the patched receptor, which functions in association with smoothened, to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of sonic HedgeHog, patched receptor represses the constitutive signaling activity of smoothened. Sonic HedgeHog also regulates another factor, the gli oncogene. Sonic HedgeHog intercellular signal is essential for a various patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Sonic HedgeHog exhibits both floor plate- and motor neuron-inducing activity. Mutations in a long-range Sonic HedgeHog enhancer located in an intron of the limb region 1 gene result in preaxial polydactyly.

LY86 is vital for effective CD180 cell surface expression and is vastly expressed in B-cells, tonsil and monocytes. LY86 collaborate with TLR4 and CD180 to facilitate the essential immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokine production.

NANOG is a multidomain homeobox transcription factor which functions to maintain the undifferentiated state of pluripotent stem cells. NANOG expression counteracts the differentiation-promoting signals induced by the extrinsic factors LIF, Stat3 and BMP. Once NANOG expression is downregulated, cell differentiation can proceed. Proteins which regulate NANOG expression include transcription factors Oct4, SOX2, FoxD3, and Tcf3 and tumor suppressor p53.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). It is found at the site of tooth eruption and bone degradation. In the bone, CCL2 is expressed by mature osteoclasts and osteoblasts and is under the control of nuclear factor ?B (NF?B). CCL2 recruits immune cells, such as monocytes, to sites of tissue injury and infection. This chemokine is produced as a protein precursor containing signal peptide of 23 amino acids and a mature peptide of 76 amino acids. It is a monomeric polypeptide, with a molecular weight of approximately 13kDa. As with many other CC chemokines, CCL2 is located on chromosome 17 in humans. The cell surface receptors that bind CCL2 are CCR2 and CCR5.

Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins consisting of an ? chain and a ? chain. CD11b is an I-domain including ? integrin combines with the ? 2 chain (ITGB2) to form a leukocyte-specific integrin referred to as macrophage receptor also called MAC1. The ? M beta 2 integrin is crucial in the adherence of neutrophils and monocytes to stimulated endothelium, and also in the phagocytosis of complement coated particles. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

NNMT is part of the family of transferases, especially those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. NNMT is mostly expressed in the liver, and a lower expression is seen in the kidney, lung, skeletal muscle, placenta and heart. NNMT catalyzes the N-methylation of nicotinamide and other pyridines to form pyridinium ions. This activity is significant for biotransformation of many drugs and xenobiotic compounds. NNMT is accountable for the enzymatic activity which uses S-adenosyl methionine as the methyl donor. NNMT expression is related with tumor stage and DFS time in hepatocellular carcinoma cases. NNMT is a good candidate as a tumor marker of various kinds of cancers. NNMT serum levels have significance in the premature detection and in the management of patients with colorectal cancer.

CD34 is a single chain transmembrane glycoprotein which is selectively expressed on human lymphoid and myeloid hemapoietic progenitor cells. CD34 has been used to measure angiogenesis, which reportedly predicts tumor recurrence.