Search results

Placental Lactogen is a polypeptide hormone that is produced by the Syncytiotrophoblasts of the Placenta, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both Growth Hormone and Prolactin activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist.
Placental Lactogen Goat is also capable of activating human and other heterologous GH receptors but not ruminat GH receptors.

METTL1 is recognized as tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase that is a part of the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL1 displays high sequence similarity to yeast ORF YDL201w and can be inactivated by phosphorylation. METTL1 protein has a conserved S-adenosylmethionine-binding motif and ccatalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.

TOP1 is an important nuclear enzyme that interconverts supercoiled DNA to the necessary topological conformations for standard DNA replication and transcription. TOP1 is the target antigen for TOP1 autoantibodies. TOP1 antibodies are a specific marker in scleroderma patients (specificity 98-100%) and are related with the existence of diffuse skin involvement and pulmonary fibrosis. In human tissues top1 enzyme is primarily synthesized as a protein with a molecular weight of 100-kDa. Most of this precursor is then proteolytically processed to a 70-kDa size, from which the TOP1 antigen has derived its name.

Alanine aminotransferase 2 (GPT2), catalyzes the reversible transamination among alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 expressed mainly in muscle, fat and kidney and participates in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. Multiple transcript variants encoding various isoforms have been found for GPT2.

Matrix Metallopeptidase 23B (MMP23B) belongs to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family, and it is section of a duplicated region of chromosome 1p36.3. MMP23B is a protease. MMP23B regulates the surface expression of some potassium channels by holding them in the endoplasmic reticulum. Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis.

IMP2 Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Peptidase-Like (IMMP2L) is implicated in processing the signal peptide sequences, IMMP2L is used to direct mitochondrial proteins to the mitochondria. IMMP2L resides in the mitochondria and is one of the essential proteins for the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase (IMP) complex. Two variants which encode the same protein have been found for IMMP2L.

Leucine Aminopeptidase 3 also known as LAP3 is a member of the peptidase M17 family. LAP3 is implicated in the processing as well as regular turnover of intracellular proteins. LAP3 catalyzes the removal of unsubstituted N-terminal amino acids from different peptides. LAP3 is responsible of releasing an N-terminal amino acid, Xaa-|-Yaa-, in which Xaa is preferably Leu, but could be other amino acids including Pro although not Arg or Lys, and Yaa may be Pro. Amino acid amides and methyl esters are as well readily hydrolyzed; however rates on arylamides are exceedingly low.

DNA toposisomerase I is a key nuclear enzyme that interconverts supercoiled DNA to the required topological conformations for normal DNA replication and transcription. This enzyme is the target antigen for the so-called Scl-70 autoantibodies. Scl-70 antibodies are a specific marker in Scleroderma patients (specificity 98-100%) and are associated with the presence of diffuse skin involvement and pulmonary fibrosis.
In human tissues the DNA topoisomerase I is initially synthesized as a protein with 100 kDa molecular weight. Most of this precursor is then proteolytically processed to a species with 70 kDa molecular weight from which the Scl-70 antigen has derived its name.

XYLT2 or Xylosyltransferase 2 is an enzyme which is expressed in ubiquitous and is part of the glycosyltransfe-rases family. XYLT2 promotes proteoglycans formation by attaching GAG chains to the substrate protein via transfer of xylose molecule from the donor (nucleoside diphosphate) to the protein’s serine residues. XYLT2 is present in the ER and the cis part of the Golgi, furthermore the protein is released to the extracellular matrix.

Histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HARS) functions to catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNAs by their corresponding amino acids. HARS is a member of the class II family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. HARS is responsible for the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, which is vital for the incorporation of histidine into proteins. HARS is a frequent target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis.

PRSS3 is a trypsinogen, and a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. PRSS3 is expressed in the pancreas and brain and is unaffected by common trypsin inhibitors. It is active on peptide linkages involving the carboxyl group of lysine or arginine. PRSS3 is restricted to the locus of T cell receptor beta variable orphans on chromosome 9. 4 different isoforms encoded by 4 transcript variants were identified for this gene.

Streptolysin-O is a sulfhydryl-activated toxin which causes cytolysis by forming pores in cholesterol containing host membranes. After binding to target membranes, the Streptolysin-O protein undergoes a major conformation change, leading to its insertion in the host membrane and creation of an oligomeric pore complex. Cholesterol may be needed for binding to host membranes, membrane insertion and pore formation. Streptolysin-O can be reversibly inactivated by oxidation.

Acid Phosphatase-6, also known as ACP6 is Hydrolyzes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) which contains a medium length fatty acid chain to the corresponding monoacylglycerol. ACP6 shows highest activity with lysophosphatidic acid which contains myristate (C14:0), monounsaturated oleate (C18:1) or palmitate (C16:0), and lower activity with C18:0 as well as C6:0 lysophosphatidic acid.

Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase 2 (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible transamination among alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 expressed mainly in muscle, fat and kidney and participates in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids.

NMNAT1 enzyme is vital for NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD. NMNAT1 is widely expressed with high levels in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney. This protein appears to have the ability to protect against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults.

PPIL1 belongs to the cyclophilin family of peptidylprolyl isomerases (PPIases).
The cyclophilins are a well conserved, ubiquitous family, members of which take an significant part in protein folding, immunosuppression by cyclosporin A, and infection of HIV-1 virions. PPIL1 protein increases the folding of proteins and catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. PPIL1 is involved in proliferation of cancer cells through modulation of phosphorylation of stathmin. PPIL1 is a novel molecular target for colon-cancer therapy.

Spermine synthase (SMS) is amember of the spermidine/spermine synthase family. SMS is an enzyme which converts spermidine into spermine. The SMS enzyme is essential for normal viability, growth and fertility involved in polyamine metabolism. Defects in the SMS gene are the cause of Snyder-Robinson syndrome (SRS), also known as X-linked mental retardation Snyder-Robinson type. SRS is categorized by moderate intellectual deficit, hypotonia, an unsteady gait, osteoporosis, kyphoscoliosis and facial asymmetry, its transmission is X-linked recessive.

Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (ACAT1) is an enzyme member of the membrane-bound acyltransferase family and Sterol o-acyltransferase subfamily. The ACAT1 enzyme catalyzes the reversible formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA. ACAT1 plays a part in lipoprotein compilation and dietary cholesterol absorption. Added to its acyltransferase activity, ACAT1 acts as a ligase.

UBE2D1 is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Ubiquitination involves at least 3 classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). UBE2D1 is strongly related to a stimulator of iron transport (SFT), and is up-regulated in hereditary hemochromatosis. In addition, UBE2D1 functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1alpha by interacting with the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases.

Carbonic Anhydrase XIII, also known as CA13 is a member of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family, which catalyzes the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water tobicarbonate and protons, a reversible reaction which occurs relatively slowly in the absence of catalyst. Furthermore, the active siteof nearly all carbonic anhydrases contains a zinc ion; they have been classified as metalloenzymes. At least fivedistinct CA families (?, ?, ?, ? and ?) have been found. These families have no significant a.a sequence resemblance and in just about allcases are considered to be an example of convergent evolution. The ?-CAs have been demonstrated in humans.

FOLH1, also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 (GCPII), is a single pass type 2 membrane protein which belongs to the peptidase M28 family. FOLH1 is highly produced in prostate epithelium. FOLH1 is also found in ovary, live, stomach, small intestine colon, urinary bladder, kidney, testis, and the capillary endothelium of a variety of tumours. Therefore, it plays a role in directed imaging and therapy of recurrent of metastatic disease. FOLH1 is a zinc metalloenzyme that resides in membranes and catalyses the hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate to glutamate and N-acetylaspartate.

Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase 2 (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible transamination among alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 expressed mainly in muscle, fat and kidney and participates in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids.

Matrix metalloproteinases are a family of zinc and calcium-dependent endopeptidases that break down extracellular matrix proteins. The MMP9 is secreted as a 92kDa zymogen. Cleavage of ProMMP-9 results in the active enzyme, having a molecular weight of approximately 82kDa. MMP9 is composed of the following domains: a gelatin-binding domain consisting of three fibronectin type II units, a catalytic domain containing the zinc-binding site, a proline-rich type V collagen-homologous domain and a hemopexin-like domain. MMP9 is produced by the several cell types: monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, osteoclasts and endothelial cells. MMP9 is involved in inflammatory responses, tissue remodeling, wound healing, tumor growth and metastasis. MMP9 may also play an important part in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration, as well as in bone osteoclastic resorption. MMP9 cleaves type IV and type V collagens into large C-terminal three quarter fragments and shorter N-terminal one quarter fragments. MMP9 can also degrade fibronectin but not laminin or Pz-peptide.
MMP9 defects may be a cause of susceptibility to intervertebral disc disease (IDD), also known as lumbar disk herniation (LDH).