Search results

TGFB-Induced Factor Homeobox 2-Like, X-Linked (TGIF2LX) belongs to the TALE/TGIF homeobox family of transcription factors and takes part in spermatogenesis. A homolog of TGIF2LX is located in the male specific region of chromosome Y, in a block of sequence which is the outcome of a large X-to-Y transposition.

Pirin (PIR) which belongs to the cupin superfamily, is an Fe(II)-containing nuclear protein expressed in all tissues of the body and concentrated within dot-like subnuclear structures. Pirin may function as a transcriptional cofactor and is involved in the regulation of DNA transcription and replication, as a result of interactions with nuclear factor I/CCAAT box transcription factor as well as B cell lymphoma 3-encoded oncoprotein.

Ferritin is a fairly large, iron-storage heteropolymeric protein composed of 2 subunit types, light Ferritin & heavy Ferritin polypeptides, which is expressed in most kinds of cells and co-assemble in different proportion in a tissue-specific manner. Ferritin is composed of 24 self-assembled polypeptide subunits of the heavy and light ferritin chains and is characterized by the capacity to remove Fe (II) from solution in the presence of oxygen.
Ferritin light polypeptide protein is the main intracellular iron storage protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Variation in ferritin subunit composition influence the rates of iron uptake and release in various tissues. A key function of ferritin is the storage of iron in a soluble and nontoxic state. Defects in this light chain ferritin gene are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and hyper ferrit anemia-cataract syndrome.
Ferritin stores iron in a soluble, nontoxic, readily accessible form. Ferritin is needed for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after it has been oxidized.

GREM1 belongs to the BMP (bone morphogenic protein) antagonist family. Like BMPs, BMP antagonists comprise cystine knots and usually form homo- and heterodimers. The CAN (cerberus and dan) subfamily of BMP antagonists, to which GREM1 belongs, is characterized by a C-terminal cystine knot with an eight-membered ring. The antagonistic effect of the secreted glycosylated protein is because of its direct binding to BMP proteins. As an antagonist of BMP, GREM1 takes a place in regulating organogenesis, body patterning, and tissue differentiation. In mouse, GREM1 has been shown to convey the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signal from the polarizing region to the apical ectodermal ridge during limb bud outgrowth. Alternatively merged transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Ubiquitously-expressed transcript (UXT) is a member of the UXT family. UXT serves as a cofactor which modulates androgen receptor-dependent transcription, and also has a crucial role in tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. UXT gene expression has a role in tumorigenesis. UXT is ubiquitous expressed: it is expressed in prostate epithelial cells, overexpressed in a number of tumor tissues. The highest levels are found in the heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney, liver, adrenal gland, peripheral blood leukocytes, lymph node, prostate, and thyroid and the lowest levels in bladder and uterus.

RELM-beta (Resistin-Like Molecule-beta) is a member of a recently identified family of secreted proteins containing a conserved cystein-rich C-terminus. The RELM family consists of resistin (also called FIZZ3), RELM-alfa (FIZZ1), RELM-beta (FIZZ2) and RELM-gamma. Only resisistin and RELM-beta were found in humans whereas all four RELM family members were identified in rodents.
RELM-beta appears to be produced as a homodimer exclusively by intestinal goblet cells and can be found in high quantities in stool. Remarkably, stool of germ-free mice displaying sterile intestinal tract does not contain RELM-beta until bacterial colonization takes place after pathogen-free mice entered natural environment. Some, but not all, colon carcinoma cell lines secrete RELM-beta into the cell culture supernatant.
The physiological function of RELM-beta is not known. High doses of recombinant RELM-beta showed hyperglycemic effects including lowered glucose disposal and increased hepatic glucose production in mice.

C1QTNF6 is a collagen type-IV specific for basement membranes. C1QTNF6 is vital for embryonic development.

The B7 proteins are crucial in the regulation of the adaptive immune system. Among them is NCR3LG1. NCR3LG1 is part of the B7 family and is expressed on tumor cells. NCR3LG1 Interaction with NKp30 protein results in cytotoxicity and natural killer cell activation.Humans and rats have a single NCR3LG1 gene; though, numerous B7H6 genes were detected in a single large cluster in the Xenopus genome. NCR3LG1, a ligand for the NK cell activating receptor NKp30, targest to produce CAR that targets multiple tumor types. NCR3LG1 is expressed on many primary human tumors, including leukemia, lymphoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, though it is not constitutively expressed on normal tissues.

GAP43 is a phosphoprotein of the presynaptic membrane that takes part in synaptic reorganization and neural development. GAP43 is found in large quantities in neuronal growth cones all through the development and axonal regeneration. Additionally, GAP43 is involved in specific regions of the normal adult nervous system and has a vital part in the conservation mechanism of long-term potentiation (LTP).

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 (CCL13 / MCP-4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. The MCP-4 gene is located on human chromosome 17 within a large cluster of other CC chemokines. MCP-4 induces chemotaxis in monocytes, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and basophils by binding cell surface G-protein linked chemokine receptors such as CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5. Activity of the MCP-4 chemokine has been implicated in allergic reactions such as asthma. MCP-4 can be induced by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and TNF-a.

ACE-2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme 2) an enzyme bound to cell membranes in various organs such as intestines arteries , lungs, heart & kidney. ACE2 an entry receptor of SARS coronaviruses as well as SARS-CoV-2,.The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein is a class I viral fusion antigen located on the external envelope of the virion that takes part in a critical part in viral infection by identifying host cell receptors and facilitating fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. 2 main domains in coronavirus S1 have been recognized, the N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain. One or the other and/or both S1 domains function as a receptor-binding domain. SARS-CoV + MERS-CoV equally use C-domain to attach their receptors.ACE2 is a type I transmembrane antigen with an extracellular N-terminal domain having the catalytic site and an intracellular C-terminal tail. ACE2 obtains a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain, and a single metalloproteinase active site containing an HEXXH zinc-binding domain. ACE-2 plays a role as a mono-carboxypeptidase which degrades Ang I to produce the nonapeptide Ang 1–9 and Ang II to create the heptapeptide Ang 1–7.

Actin Filament Associated Protein 1 (AFAP1) is a Src binding partner. AFAP1 is a possible modulator of actin filament integrity in response to cellular signals, and is also playing a role as an adaptor protein by connecting Src family members to actin filaments. AFAP1 takes partin the development and progression of prostate adenocarcinoma by regulating cell-matrix adhesions and migration in the cancer cells.

Neurexophilin 1 (NXPH1) is a part of the neurexophilin family which encodes a secreted protein with a variable N terminal domain, an extremely conserved, N-glycosylated central domain, a short linker region, and a cysteine-rich Cterminal domain. NXPH1 shapes a very tight complex with alpha neurexins, a group of proteins which promote adhesion among dendrites and axons.

CARD18 belongs to the death-domain-fold superfamily which is induced by proinflammatory stimuli. CARD18 contains basically only a Caspase recruitment domain, inhibits generation of IL-1b by cooperating with caspase-1 and inhibiting connotation with RIP 2. The connotation of CARD18 to caspase-1 is enabled by the charge-charge interactions between the prodomain of caspase-1 and the surface charge of CARD18.

Alpha-cardiac actin belongs to the actin family which is comprised of three main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta, and gamma. The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. Defects in the cardiac actin have been associated with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC).

Galectins are a family of animal lectins with an affinity for beta-galactosides. This family has at least 14 identified members. Galectins share similarities in the CRD (the carbohydrate recognition domain). Galectins are synthesized as cytosolic proteins. Though localized principally in the cytoplasm and lacking a classical signal peptide, galectins can also be stimulated to secretion by non-classical pathways or alternatively targeted to the nucleus. Galectins are involved in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Human Galectin-7 belongs to the prototypical Galectins containing a single CRD, which is initially identified in human epidermis as a monomer. The Galectin-7 expression is induced by tumor suppressor protein p53 and associated with apoptosis. Galectin-7 is a pro-apoptotic protein which functions intracellularlly upstream of JNK activation and mitochondrial cytochrome c release. The correlation of Galectin-7 with the UV-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes presents a critical mechanism in the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis. Human Galectin-7 is localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 14 (CCL14) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is also commonly known as HCC-1. It is produced as a protein precursor that is procesed to generate a mature active protein containing 74 amino acids that and is 46% identical in amino acid composition to CCL3 and CCL4. This chemokine is expressed in various tissues including spleen, bone marrow, liver, muscle, and gut. CCL13 activates monocytes, but does not induce their chemotaxis. Human CCL13 is located on chromosome 17 within a cluster of other chemokines belonging to the CC family.

Cytohesin 2 (CYTH2) is an ARF-1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). ARF (ADP ribosylation factor) proteins are a part of a group within the RAS superfamily and bindes GTP-b proteins central to the process of vesicle budding. CYTH2 promotes guanine-nucleotide exchange on ARF1, ARF3 and ARF6. Furthermore, CYTH2 promotes the activation of ARF factors through replacement of GDP with GTP. The protein encoded by CYTH2 is a member of the PSCD family. Members of PSCD family appear to mediate the regulation of protein sorting and membrane trafficking. The cell membrane form, in association with ARL4 proteins, recruits ARF6 to the plasma membrane.

Homeobox A9 (HOXA9) is a member of the Abd-B homeobox family. The HOXA9 protein is a transcription factor with a key role in both haemopoiesis and leukaemia. High levels of HOXA9 expression in haemopoietic cells is a distinctive feature of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and may be sufficient to cause this disease. HOXA9 overexpression noticeably expands hematopoietic stem cells. The HOXA9 gene is part of the A cluster on chromosome 7 and encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor which regulates gene expression, morphogenesis, and differentiation. HOXA9 is a sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system, which provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. HOXA9 is essential for induction of E-selectin and VCAM-1, on the endothelial cells surface at sites of inflammation.

BCA-1 is a CXC chemokine that is highly expressed in thesecondary lymphoid organs, such as follicles of the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. CXCL13 promotes the migration of B lymphocytes (compared to T cells and macrophages), by stimulating calcium influx into, and chemotaxis of, cells expressing Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1). BCA1 therefore function in the homing of B lymphocytes to follicles. Human BCA-1 shares a 64% amino acid sequence similarity with the mouse protein and 23 - 34% amino acid sequence identity with other known CXC chemokines. Recombinant or chemically synthesized BCA1 is a potent chemoattractant for B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes, monocytes or neutrophils. BLR1, a G protein-coupled receptor originally isolated from Burkitt’s lymphoma cells, has now been shown to be the specific receptor for BCA1. Among cells of the hematopoietic lineages, the expression of BLR-1, now designated CXCR-5, is restricted to B lymphocytes and a subpopulation of T helper memory cells.

CXCL14 is involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. BRAK protein is structurally related to the CXC (Cys-X-Cys) subfamily of cytokines. CXCL14 displays chemotactic activity for monocytes but not for lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils or macrophages. CXCL14 is involved in the homeostasis of monocyte-derived macrophages.

PBLD is member of the phenazine biosynthesis-like protein (PhzF) family. PBLD which is expressed in most tissues is the only representative of the PhzF family in the human genome. PBLD participates in the MAPK signaling pathway. PBLD is involved in multiple basic cellular functions, its expression is elevated in several disease processes, including folate deficiency and hypotension.

KISS1 is a metastasis suppressor protein that suppresses metastases of melanomas and breast carcinomas without affecting tumorigenicity.KISS1 functions to inhibit chemotaxis and invasion, attenuating metastasis in malignant melanomas. KISS1 is involved in the regulation of cell-matrix adhesion. KISS1 plays a role in cytoskeletal reorganization. A polymorphism in the terminal exon of KISS1 mRNA results in two protein isoforms. Expression of KiSS1 is localized to specific regions of the hypothalamus in numerous species and is regulated by gonadal steroids and across the estrous cycle..KISS1 generates a c-terminally amidated peptide, metastin which functions as the endogenous ligand of the g-protein coupled receptor gpr54. Activation of the receptor inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration, key characteristics of tumor metastasis.