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EIF1AY is comparable to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A (EIF1A). EIF1AY protein is essential for highest rate of protein biosynthesis. EIF1AY increases ribosome dissociation into subunits and is obligatory for the binding of the 43S complex (a 40S subunit, eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAi and eIF3) to the 5' end of capped RNA.

Epoxide Hydrolase 1 Microsomal (EPHX1) is a vital biotransformation enzyme which transfers epoxides from the degradation of aromatic compounds to trans-dihydrodiols that can be conjugated and excreted from the body. Epoxide hydrolase plays a role in both activation and detoxification of epoxides. Mutations in EPHX1 trigger preeclampsia, epoxide hydrolase deficiency or increased epoxide hydrolase activity.

GADD45GIP1 is a nuclear protein which takes part in apoptosis control. GADD45GIP1 is expressed in several tissues, such as heart, thyroid, trachea, kidney, ovary, pancreas, testis and stomach and acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S phase cell cycle production by collaborating with GADD45 proteins to inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 3, also known as CEACAM3, is a member of the immunoglobulin super family. The genes in this family encode cell adhesion proteins, which are expressed at higher levels in tumorous tissues rather than in normal tissues. CEACAM3 plays a significant part in the clearance of pathogens through the innate immune system. In addition, CEACAM3 is accountable for RAC1 stimulation in the course of pathogen phagocytosis.

ADH5 belongs to the alcohol dehydrogenase family which metabolizes a large selection of substrates, such as retinol, ethanol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. ADH5 has practically no activity for ethanol oxidation, but displays high activity for oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and for oxidation of S-hydroxymethyl-glutathione, a spontaneous adduct between glutathione and formaldehyde. ADH5 enzyme is a key factor of cellular metabolism for the removal of formaldehyde, a powerful aggravating and alerting mediator which causes pharyngitis, lacrymation, rhinitis and contact dermatitis.

Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) is a member of the MsrA Met sulfoxide reductase family. The MSRA enzyme has a vital function as a repair enzyme for proteins which have been inactivated by oxidation. MSRA catalyzes the reversible oxidation-reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins to methionine. The three substrates of the MSRA enzyme are peptide-L-methionine, thioredoxin disulfide, and H2O, while its 2 products are peptide-L-methionine (R)-S-oxide and thioredoxin. The MSRA protein is ubiquitous and extremely conserved. Human and animal studies have shown the ultimate levels of expression in kidney and nervous tissue.

NDUFV3 is one of no less than 41 subunits which form the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex that is involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and assists in catalyzing the rotenone-sensitive oxidation of NADH and the reduction of ubiquinone. NDUFV3 is 1 of 3 proteins found in the flavoprotein fraction of the complex but it exact function is unknown. Two transcript variants encoding altered isoforms are known for this gene.

NFNB demonstrates the capability to reduce quinines. NFNB enzyme activates prodrugs in antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy. NFNB reduces nitrofurazone, quinones and anti-tumor agent CB1954 (5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide). The reduction of CB1954 results in the generation of cytotoxic species.

NME3-a potential suppressor of metastasis, is expressed significantly less in highly metastatic cells than in cells with lower metastatic potential. NME3-a is vital for the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates and has a part in apoptosis induction and hematopoiesis and is mainly expressed during early stages of myeloid differentiation of highly purified CD34+ cells.

Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) induces proliferation, migration, and fenestration in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. Its expression is induced by hypoxia and is restricted to the steroidogenic glands (ovary, testis, adrenal, and placenta). Its expression is often complementary to the expression of VEGF (MIM 192240), suggesting that these molecules function in a coordinated manner. EG-VEGF potently contracts gastrointestinal (gi) smooth muscle. Induces proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. Has little or no effect on a variety of other endothelial and non-endothelial cell types.

BCAT1 catalyzes the leading reaction in the catabolism of the indispensable branched chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine and valine.

BNIP1 belongs to the of the BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kd-interacting protein (BNIP) family. BNIP1 interacts with the E1B 19 kDa protein, which defends cells from virally-induced cell death. In addition, BNIP1 interacts with E1B 19 kDa-like sequences of BCL2 which is an additional apoptotic protector. Adding up, BNIP1 is implicated in vesicle transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. Alternative splicing results of BNIP1 in four protein products with identical N- and C-termini have been found.

ERGIC And Golgi 3, also known as ERGIC3 is a member of the ERGIC family and interacts with ERGIC1/ERGIC32. ERGIC3 takes part in the transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. One of the diseases which is associated with ERGIC3 is Breast Cancer.

PECI is an enzyme that localized to the peroxisomal matrix and encloses one ACB (acyl-CoA-binding) domain. PECI is expressed abundantly in liver, heart and skeletal muscle. PECI functions to catalyze the isomerization of both 3-cis and 3-trans double bonds into the 2-trans form in an array of enoyl-CoA species. PECI takes part in the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.

FHIT enzyme cleaves adenosine 5'' PPP 5'' A to yield AMP and ADP. FHIT gene includees the regular fragile site FRA3B on chromosome 3. Alterations and deletions of the FHIT gene are highly linked to the genesis and establishment of human tumors of the lung, cervix, breast, colon, stomach and pancreas. In normal cells, FHIT functions as a tumor suppressor and physically relates with ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 9.

UbcH10 is an essential mediator of mitotic destruction events and cell cycle progression. It catalyzes the destruction of cyclins A and B in conjunction with the anaphase-promoting complex, and therefore, plays an important role in the control of the cell exit from mitosis This activity is essential at then end of mitosis for the inactivation of their partner kinase Cdc2 and exit from mitosis into G1 of the next cell cycle. In addition, UbcH10 bears homology to yeast PAS2, a gene that is essential for biogenesis of peroxisomes. UbcH10 is useful for in vitro ubiquitinylation reactions.

RAET1E is a member of the MHC class I family. MHC class I family contains main histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related genes positioned in a cluster on chromosome 6q24.2-q25.3. RAET1E and RAET1G protein are different from other RAET1 proteins since they have type I membrane-spanning sequences at their C termini instead glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor sequences.RAET1E acts as a ligand for NKG2D receptor, expressed on the surface of numerous types of immune cells, involves in innate adaptive immune reactions.RAET1E delivers signals to NK cells and advances tumor immune surveillance by inducing the growth of anti-tumor cytotoxic lymphocyte.

NT5E, also known as CD73, is a plasma membrane protein which catalyzes the conversion of extracellular nucleotides into membrane-permeable nucleosides. NT5E is functions as a determinant of lymphocyte differentiation. Defects in NT5E can cause the calcification of joints and arteries.

Beta-Glucocerebrosidase, also known as GBA is amember of the glycosyl hydrolase 30 family. GBA is a lysosomal enzyme which requires a signal peptide for transport across the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as glycosylation for transport into lysosomes. Furthermore, Gaucher disease is caused by a deficiency in the activity of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase.

Glutathione reductase (GSR) belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. The GSR enzyme is a homodimeric flavoprotein and has a role in maintaining glutathione (GSH) in its reduced form by catalyzing the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG): GSSG + NADPH + H+ ->2GSH + NADP+. In the majority of eukaryotic cells, GSR upholds the ratio of [GSH] / [GSSG], and partakes in quite a few critical functions such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species as well as protein and DNA biosynthesis.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound types of GST are encoded by 2 different supergene families. There are 8 classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are arranged in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and aare highly polymorphic. These genetic differences can change an individual's resistance to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with the rise in a number of cancers.

Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin) is a toxin produced by some strains of Escherichia coli. Shiga-like toxin is named for its similarity to the AB5-type Shiga toxin produced by the bacteria Shigella dysenteriae. There are two known types-SLT1 and SLT2. The Shiga-like toxin is linked with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Shiga-like toxin requires highly specific receptors on the cells'' surface in order to attach and enter the cell. Species such as cattle, swine, and deer which do not carry these receptors may harbor toxigenic bacteria without any ill effect, dropping them in their feces, from where they may be distributed to humans. Shiga Like Toxin-1 Subunit B has nontoxic action, it is the functional region which binds to the receptor. The Shiga Like Toxin-1 Subunit B can be useful in vaccine study, antibody test and other functional research.