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Oncostatin M is a member of a cytokine family that includes leukemia-inhibitory factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 6. This gene encodes a growth regulator which inhibits the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines. It regulates cytokine production, including IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF from endothelial cells.

NGF-beta has nerve growth stimulating activity and the complex is involved in the regulation of growth and the differentiation of sympathetic and certain sensory neurons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, type 5 (HSAN5), and dysregulation of this gene's expression is associated with allergic rhinitis.

CDO1 (Cysteine dioxygenase) is a mammalian non-heme iron enzyme that initiates a number of significant metabolic pathways associated with pyruvate and several sulfurate compounds including sulfate, hypotaurine and taurine. CDO1 catalyzes the conversion of L-cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid (cysteine sulfinate) by incorporation of dioxygen. CDO1 is a vital regulator of cellular cysteine concentrations and has an essential role in maintaining the hepatic concentration of intracellular free cysteine within a proper narrow range. CDO1 is able to alter intracellular cysteine levels and glutathione levels. CDO1 is highly expressed in the liver and placenta. On the other hand CDO1 has a low expression in heart, brain and pancreas. CDO1 can also be detected in hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells.

Mesoderm development candidate 2 (MESDC2) is required for formation of the primitive streak and mesoderm during embryogenesis. MESDC2 binds to the Wnt co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 in the endoplasmic reticulum and is required for their proper folding and cell surface expression.

Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (Galnt1) is a part of the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) family of enzymes. The initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis is catalyzed by Glant1, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor. Moreover, Galnt1 is implicated in the glycosylation of proteins vital for bone formation for instance osteopontin and bone sialoprotein.

IL-1Ra is the natural antagonist of the pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-1? and Interleukin-1?. IL-1Ra is produced by a variety of cells including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and fibroblasts in response to the binding of various pro-inflammatory cytokines.

CCNH is part of the cyclin family that is known for its protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins act as regulators of CDK kinases. CCNH forms a complex with CDK7 kinase and ring finger protein MAT1. The kinase complex is able to phosphorylate CDK2 and CDC2 kinases, therefore it functions as a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). CCNH and its kinase collaborator are components of TFIIH, as well as RNA polymerase II protein complexes.

BRCC3 is a subunit of the BRCA1-BRCA2-containing complex (BRCC), which is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. BRCC3 is also thought to be involved in the cellular response to ionizing radiation and progression through the G2/M checkpoint.

CFLAR contains two death effector domains (DEDs) and a caspase-like domain. CFLAR may play a critical role between cell survival and cell death pathway in mammalian cells. CFLAR also interacts with adapter protein FADD and caspase-8 and -10, and potently inhibits apoptosis induced by all known death receptors DR3 (death receptor 3), TRAIL-R (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor) and TNFR1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1).

AICDA is an RNA-editing deaminase which belongs to the cytidine deaminase family. AICDA is involved in somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes. Defects in the AICDA gene are the cause of autosomal recessive hyper-IgM immunodeficiency syndrome type 2 (HIGM2).

Uromodulin (Tamm–Horsfall protein) is produced mainly by cells in the kidney’s thick ascending limb and is the most abundant protein in normal urine.
Uromodulin takes part in salt and water regulation, helps prevent urinary tract infections and kidney stones, and influences inflammation and immune activity in the kidney.
Reduced Uromodulin levels is associated with chronic kidney disease.
UMOD mutations causes unproper protein folding and thus transported incorrectly, resulting in its accumulation inside kidney tubular cells that damages the tubules and cause kidney disease (ADTKD-UMOD), associated with high uric acid, gout, and progressive kidney failure.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor also called LIF is a lymphoid factor that promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor has several functions such as cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone & fat metabolism, mitogenesis of factor dependent cell lines & promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Human and mouse LIF exhibit a 78% identity in its amino acid sequence.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor also called LIF is a lymphoid factor that promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor has several functions such as cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone & fat metabolism, mitogenesis of factor dependent cell lines & promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Human and mouse LIF exhibit a 78% identity in its amino acid sequence.

Clusterin also named Apolipoprotein J (APO-J) is a 75-80 kD disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein containing about 30% of N-linked carbohydrate rich in sialic acid but truncated forms targeted to the nucleus have also been identified. The precursor polypeptide chain is cleaved proteolytically to remove the 22-mer secretory signal peptide and subsequently between residues 227/228 to generate the ? and ? chains. These are assembled in anti-parallel to give a heterodimeric molecule in which the cysteine-rich centers are linked by five disulfide bridges and are flanked by two predicted coiled-coil ? -helices and three predicted amphipathic a-helices. Across a broad range of species clusterin shows a high degree of sequence homology ranging from 70% to 80%. It is nearly ubiquitously expressed in most mammalian tissues and can be found in plasma, milk, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and semen. It is able to bind and form complexes with numerous partners such as immunoglobulins, lipids, heparin, b

RNH1 belongs to the proteinaceous cytoplasmic RNase inhibitors family which occur in many tissues and binds to both intracellular and extracellular RNases. In addition to control of intracellular RNases, the inhibitor may have a part in the regulation of angiogenin. The 50kDa RNH1 binds to ribonucleases and holds them in a latent form. Since neutral and alkaline ribonucleases possibly play a critical role in the turnover of RNA in eukaryotic cells, RNH1 may be vital for control of mRNA turnover; the interaction of eukaryotic cells with ribonuclease may be reversible in vivo.

SERPINB5 (Maspin) is a tumor suppressor protein of the serine proteinase inhibitor family. Maspin plays a vital role in embryonic development through critical functions in cell adhesion. In addition, Maspin is present in normal breast and prostatic epithelial cells although down regulated in the particular carcinomas. SERPINB5 impedes the growth, invasion, and metastatic properties of mammary tumors as well as the invasive ability of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. SERPINB5 being a breast tumor suppressor gene is a significant marker of the disease progression in breast neoplasms. Furthermore, high expression of maspin is linked to squamous cell carcinoma in non-small-cell lung cancer. Moreover, maspin expression has been directly linked with the biological aggressiveness of ovarian carcinoma. Maspin exhibits no serine protease inhibitory activity since it does not undergo the stressed to relaxed conformational transition typical of active serpins.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor also called LIF is a lymphoid factor that promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor has several functions such as cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone & fat metabolism, mitogenesis of factor dependent cell lines & promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Human and mouse LIF exhibit a 78% identity in its amino acid sequence.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3gamma, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was thought to be brain and neuron-specific. It has been shown to interact with RAF1 and protein kinase C, proteins involved in various signal transduction pathways.

Recombinant Fatty Acid Binding Protein is a newly introduced plasma marker of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The plasma kinetics of FABP (15kD) closely resemble those of myoglobin in that elevated plasma concentrations are found within 2 hours after AMI and return to normal generally within 18 to 24 hours. But the concentration of FABP in the skeletal muscle is 20 times lower than in cardiac tissue (for myoglobin the same content for cardiac and skeletal tissue), that makes FABP to be more cardiac specific than myoglobin. This makes FABP a useful biochemical marker for the early assessment or exclusion of AMI. FABP also appears to be a useful plasma marker for the estimation of myocardial infarct size.