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Acyl-CoA Thioesterase 7 (ACOT7) belongs to the acyl coenzyme family. ACOT7 hydrolyzes the CoA thioester of palmitoyl-CoA and other long-chain fatty acids. Decreased expression of the ACOT7 protein may be linked to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 2 (SDF2) is a secretory protein which is partly similar to the hydrophilic segments of yeast mannosyltransferases. SDF2 protein’s expression is ubiquitous and the gene is rather conserved among mammals. SDF2is a protein-coding gene whose alternative splicing results in coding and non-coding variants.

SecB, a significant chaperone that takes part in protein export, binds various ligands rapidly with high affinity and low specificity. SecB plays an important role during protein export through the general secretory pathway by modulating the partitioning of precursors between folding or aggregation and delivery to the membrane-bound translocation apparatus. SecB has the potential to take part in functions outside of export acting as a universal nonspecific chaperone to provide buffering capacity of the nonnative state of proteins in the cytosolic pool.

ANXA1 is part of the family of Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding proteins which have a Mw between 35kDa-40kDa and are situated on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. ANXA1 protein has a Mw of 40kDa, with phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity to bind from two to four calcium ions with high affinity. Since phospholipase A2 is necessary for the biosynthesis of the potent mediators of inflammation, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, ANXA1 might have potential anti-inflammatory activity. ANXA1 promotes membrane fusion and iplays a role in exocytosis. The recognition of ANXA1 protein by immunocytochemical leads a simple, highly sensitive and specific assay for diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.

The secreted polypeptide noggin, encoded by the NOG gene, binds and inactivates members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily signaling proteins, such as bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4). By diffusing through extracellular matrices more efficiently than members of the TGF-beta superfamily, noggin may have a principal role in creating morphogenic gradients. Noggin appears to have pleiotropic effect, both early in development as well as in later stages. It was originally isolated from Xenopus based on its ability to restore normal dorsal-ventral body axis in embryos that had been artificially ventralized by UV treatment. The results of the mouse knockout of noggin suggest that it is involved in numerous developmental processes, such as neural tube fusion and joint formation. Recently, several dominant human NOG mutations in unrelated families with proximal symphalangism (SYM1) and multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS1) were identified; both SYM1 and SYNS1 have multiple joint fusion as their principal feature, and map to the same region (17q22) as NOG. All NOG mutations altered evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of human noggin is highly homologous to that of Xenopus, rat and mouse.

STE20-Related Kinase Adaptor Alpha (STRADA) is a part of the STE- 20 like kinase family which stimulates MAPK pathways by activating MAPKKK. STRADA is an upstream activator of LKB1 and also leads the sub-cellular localization of LKB1 by fixing it in the cytoplasm. The interaction between STRADA-LKB1 leads to phosphorylation of STRADA and enhanced autophosphorylation of LKB1.

Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Inhibitor 2 (CAMK2N2) is a protein coding gene which regulates cell growth when overexpressed in colon adenocarcinoma LoVo cells. CAMK2N2 plays a role as a cellular inhibitor of CaM-kinase II (CAMK2).

Calcyphosine (CAPS) is a calcium-binding protein containing four EF-hand domains. CAPS protein was originally identified as thyroid protein p24 which is found in a number of epithelium and in some cells of the central nervous system. CAPS may have a role in the regulation of ion transport. In the thyroid follicular cells, CAPS is synthesized and phosphorylated in response to stimulation by thyrotropin and cAMP agonists.

KLRB1 has an inhibitory role on natural killer (NK) cells cytotoxicity which are lymphocytes who facilitate cytotoxicity and secrete cytokines subsequent to immune stimulation. Some genes of the C-type lectin superfamily, like the rodent NKRP1 family of glycoproteins, are expressed by NK cells and take part in NK cell function regulation. KLRB1 holds an extracellular domain with a few characteristic motifs of C-type lectins, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. Due to its external C terminus KLRB1 is considered to be a type II membrane protein.

Killer Cell lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K, Member 1 (KLRK1) is an activating receptor which has recently generated considerable interest. The most fascinating of these, are a couple of closely related proteins known as MICA and MICB. These are cell-surface molecules distantly related to MHC class I proteins, and their genes have elements of heat shock promoters. Thus, MICA and MICB are expressed in the course of cell stress and are up-regulated in tumor cells and during viral infections. This receptor-ligand combination has a crucial role in the immune response to various pathologies.

LGALS2 is a soluble beta-galactoside binding lectin that controls cell-to-cell adhesion and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions and takes part in tumor progression, pre-mRNA splicing and apoptosis. LGALS2 induces apoptosis in activated T cells and binds to the cytokine lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA) with threat of myocardial infarction.

GREM1 belongs to the BMP (bone morphogenic protein) antagonist family. Like BMPs, BMP antagonists comprise cystine knots and usually form homo- and heterodimers. The CAN (cerberus and dan) subfamily of BMP antagonists, to which GREM1 belongs, is characterized by a C-terminal cystine knot with an eight-membered ring. The antagonistic effect of the secreted glycosylated protein is because of its direct binding to BMP proteins. As an antagonist of BMP, GREM1 takes a place in regulating organogenesis, body patterning, and tissue differentiation. In mouse, GREM1 has been shown to convey the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signal from the polarizing region to the apical ectodermal ridge during limb bud outgrowth. Alternatively merged transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, Neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-a). It is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophilsand epithelial cells, and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines.

CKMT1A is in charge of the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. CKMT1A is a member of the creatine kinase isoenzyme family and exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase arises in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, unlike the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Numerous malignant cancers with poor prognosis have displayed overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase which is linked to high energy turnover and inability to remove cancer cells through apoptosis.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates it effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. The gene for CXCL3 is located on chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines.

The CTX family of proteins (including ASAM) are type I transmembrane proteins within the Ig superfamily, which localize to junctional complexes between endothelial and epithelial cells and may play a role in cell-cell adhesion. CLMP has a role in adipocyte differentiation and development of obesity. CLMP is required for normal small intestine development.

Cathepsin D is synthesized as a 54kDa precursor, which is proteolytically processed to an intermediate 48kDa single chain, which matures into more stable 34kDa and 14kDa two chain form. It is an estrogen-regulated lysosomal protease that has been suggested to facilitate cancer cell migration and invasion by digesting the basement membrane, extracellular matrix, and xonnective tissue. Because of its mitogenic and proteolytic activities, it has been implicated as a prognostic marker in many tumor types. Cathepsin D is expressed in epithelial cells as well as in macrophages.

CLEC4E (MINCLE or CLECSF9), belongs to a diverse family of proteins which were originally defined by their ability to recognize a wide range of ligands of carbohydrate structure. MINCLE is expressed in macrophages subjected to several types of stress. CLEC4E has an important role in response to trehalose-6,6''-dimycolate (TDM) and activated by a synthetic analogue, trehalose dibehenate (TDB). It was reported recently that MINCLE is connected with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–containing Fc receptor γ chain (FcRγ) and functions as an activating receptor for damaged self- and non–self-pathogenic fungi.

Collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix, is a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to tissues giving them structural integrity. Collagen and its derivative, gelatin, have been widely used in medical, pharmaceutical and consumer products for more than 100 years. The supply of these materials, created from animal remains, is both abundant and inexpensive. However, most formulations are not highly purified and have the potential to cause an inflammatory reaction in some product users. In addition, concerns have been raised over the last several years about the potential for contamination of bovine products with the agent that causes mad cow disease and its human variant, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Animal collagens are subject to extensive modifications that continue over the life of the molecule in the extracellular space. These differences influence both the extractability of collagens from tissue and the biophysical characteristics of these collagens. As a result, collagens isolated from tissues exhibit significant lot-to-lot variability and, as bulk materials, are often analytically intractable. Products that contain animal-derived collagen can induce potentially harmful inflammatory or immune responses in humans and pose risk of contamination with viruses or prions, potentially life-threatening pathogens. Recombinant collagens are essentially identical to the native collagen protein thereby reducing the risk of inflammation, immune response, and disease as compared to animal-sourced collagen.

FSTL1 protein resembles follistatin, an ACTV-binding protein. FSTL1 is an autoantigen associated with rheumatoid arthritis and it holds an FS section, a follistatin-like sequence having 10 conserved cysteine residues.

Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1G) belongs to a large family of carboxylesterases that are liable for the hydrolysis of ester and amide bonds. CES1G is also participates in the detoxification of xenobiotics prodrugs. CES1G shares the serine hydrolase fold observed in other esterases. CES1G found in rats and mice and is expressed mainly in liver, but also in kidney and lung.

Adiponectin is an important negative regulator in hematopoiesis and immune systems. It may be involved in ending inflammatory responses through its inhibitory functions. Inhibits endothelial nf-kappa-b signaling through a camp-dependent pathway. Inhibits tnf-alpha- induced expression of endothelial adhesion molecules. Involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Alpha-cardiac actin belongs to the actin family which is comprised of three main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta, and gamma. The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. Defects in the cardiac actin have been associated with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC).

SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor.
The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.